الحتمية بين الفلسفة و المعلم

Abstract

Abstract This research discusses the concept of determinism in philosophy and science through the past centuries , focusing on the development of that tenn since early times till now. The research consists of five chapters Which cover the philosophical dispute between deterministic and indeterministic considerations according to epistemic and scientific evolutions . During the old philosophical ages , determinism Was identified in eastem societies , namely in China , Persia , and India , as fate or human destiny . Afterwards , the Greek post ~ Socrates philosophies , that presented in chapter one , like Platonism , Aristotal , and Cynics , dealt with determinism in sense of etemal divine providence or destiny . Besides the above mentioned , the other four chapters include perspectives about more detailed relevant topics . Chapter tow regards With , the medieval age thought , concerning the positions of Judician , Christian and Islamic philosophers who Were classified to voluntristic or deterministic and fatalistic . The trends exposed in chapter three resemble the modern ages interpretations that confront the dominant fatalism _ Modem philosophies develop several rationalistic and empirical philosophies meanwhile humanistic ideals and social sciences contradict the common determinism in previous times .

Similarly , positivistic views sprang in contemporary philosophies which are stated in chapter four . They revealed the controversial indeterministic assumptions , whereas the reaction to idealism and historicism paved way to the analytic philosophy which flourished in the beginning of the twentieth century. In the intellectual environment , Bergsonianism was struggling against scientism and rationalism , simultaneously to the arise of pragmatism that asserts the practical value of ideas and rejects metaphysics and determinism altogether . Their currents were succeeded by the birth of existentialism as an apex of the philosophic doctrines for human freedom as an outcome of further advance to transcend determinism toward open and pluralistic dimensions. The last chapter throws lights on the in determinism views of relativity theory and quantum mechanics , that altered the course of the usual explanations of determinism and encourages the ideas of our own responsibility after the serious scientific departure from Newtonian mechanics . The importance of relativity theory was its philosposophical consequences , of conceiving the truth itself as relative to the stand point of the juding subject , and tum all knowledge to the subject to determine what truth is . The conclusion of the research evaluates the philosophical and scientific thoughts about determinism by differentiating between the traditional philosophy Which treated determinism metaphysically and the sciences that base deterministic propensity on causality , and decline to probability. So , nowadays philosophical and scientific views are coming near to each other , to posit man in a free space and assume that human capability of building creative life depends on his Will and rational powers instead of looking backward at him as enslaved and chained by necessity and fatalism