دور إنتاج السمسم في السودان الواقع وأفاق المستقبل في الفترة من 1970 - 1999م

Abstract

Abstract Sesame is regarded as one of the crops of the hot regions, but its plantation extends up to the moderate climate regions (between lat. 40 N. and lat. 40 ‘S. ) in Asia Africa and Americailhe total area it 0CCLlpfl;'€1% estimated about 13 million feddans. ' The main producing countries are India , Sudan, Burma and China . These counties plant about 75% of its total area . One of the main characteristics of the sesame plantation internationally is its weak production , and this is due to many reasons . The most important ones are : most of the cultivated area dependion the rains, weakness of the productivity of the planted types , difficulty of the horizontal expansion in the plantation due to the non-existence of thelisitiattered fruits plant types in additional to the lost of great quantities due to the different insects. In Sudan we fmd that sesame iscmfigriijthe best crops, and .,Q\- -§»e»I] L/liuwg b¢§<q>g the sesame oil was the only plant oil that produced and consumed in great quantities. It is the third crop in the country inarea (2.5 —3 Millions Feddans), it is after dura and dokhon in area. In many seasons the sesame occupied the second rank afier cotton in regards to the growth returns of the exports. Sudan is regarded one of the main producing countries of sesame, and it occupies tlle third rank internationally, afier India and china in regards to the cultivated area . But in regards to the export, Sudan is the first international exporter sesame. I This distinguished status is threatened by the weak productivity, and hence , the increase of costs and the lack of care of the quality of the crop in regards to the harmony of the grain size , its color and its type, a matter which requires the intensification of the efforts for the increase of the productivity of this crop, good care of its quality and to the operations after the harvesting of cleaning and storage. From the data of the areas and productivity of this crop the researcher found that the biggest expansion in sesame plantation took place during the period (1961 — 1976), thergzaedecrease followed~~.1 ' , - 1 v Also the productivity decreased to the half of that of the first period. In additional to this we find that the production of the sesame had been characterized by the following factors which afiected it negatively: 1. The full reliance on rains for the cultivation of sesame. 2_ The high variation in the quantity and the distribution of the rains from a season to another; or from an area to another. ___i

3. The weakness of the types cultivated, for they are local unimproved types. 4. The weakness of the soil fertility due to the deficiency in Nitrogen specially in the clay lands, with the unresponsive of the sesame to the fertilization in the rain sector in the clay lands. 5. The great loss of the crop caused by the insect (Al-mashatah) (or at the stages of the young plants and the flowers), and the (Al-koak) during the maturity stage. 6. The non-existence of types that resist the diseases, specially the ' illness of ( Al-Dam). 7. The non-purity of the produced seeds in regards to the color and size, which affect its prices and marketing internationally. 8. The difficulty of the mechanical harvesting and the dependence on the hand harvesting labor which is 50% of the cost of production, because all the produced types are scattering seeds. The acute shortage in the improved seeds is due to the reliance of the cultivators on the seeds of the previous crop, or on seeds that he purchase from the local market which is impure and weak in vitality. The researcher also noticed that there are some characteristics that affect negatively the vertical productivity and others afiect the size of the cultivated area, others afi'ect the marketing and the demand which make them indirectly affect the cultivated areas. There fore, she concluded the most important negatives impacts as follows: 1. The Decrease of the productivity and its continuous deterioration. 2. The difiiculty in the expansion of the sesame area by the hand harvesting labor operation. The researcher also foimd that due to the inability of the farmers to introduce sesame in the agricultural rotations and with the required vast areas , the peasants resort to the practice a semi-continuous plantation of dura and dokhon crops which are very exhaustive to the fertility of the land, and hence, a successive deterioration of the fertility of the soil takes place escorted by the (poda) parasite in vast area of the rain fed agriculture. Nevertheless, Sudan had achieved a great success in the sesame item and is still seeks its development either processed or in a raw form so as to increase the Growth National Product and the Growth Domestic Product.