Mechanisms on childhood overweight and obesity at high altitude

Abstract

Abstract Objectives: The present study with its three parts, was undertaken to: (a) Describe the body composition and determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in high altitude children‟s population and compare them their counterparts at low altitude, (b) Determine the possible mechanisms by which high altitude influences childhood body composition and the prevalence of overweight and obesity, (c) Explore the possible role of administration of antioxidants during pregnancy at high altitude in preventing late childhood overweight and obesity. Materials and methods: The first part was a cross-sectional prospective study of 145 Saudi children born and living permanently at high altitude (3100m) and 154 Saudi children born and living permanently at relatively low altitude (500m). For each child selected information regarding birth weight and breast feeding were taken from his or her file. Anthropometric measurements were then performed. Body mass index was calculated using the equation BMI=(Weight (kg)/Height (m2). Fat mass and fat free mass percentages were derived from triceps skinfold measurement. Resting pulse rate (beats/min), blood pressure, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit value were measured. Physical activity level was determined using the short form of international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). The second part was also a cross-sectional prospective study which included 25 healthy pregnant women and their healthy newborns from high altitude and equal numbers from low altitude. Measurements of maternal haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit value and blood pressure were made at the end of gestation. Foetal haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit value were determined immediately after delivery. Determination of the newborn's body shape and