الجمهورية الطرابلسية 1918 - 1923 ( ظروف نشأتها وانظمتها ونهايتها)

Abstract

Abstract This study (Tripoli Republic 1918-1923) aims to illustrating the idea and the emergence of the republic. It will concentrate on the circumstance which led to its declaration. Also, it will explore the Republic's systems, institution, the causes of its fall and end; and the destiny of its leaders . l The idea of the Tripoli republic seems to be a pioneering political and practical work in the prevailing circumstances in Western Tripoli (Tepolisi Al-gharb) in all the Middle East Region and the Arab World. The idea is generally an advanced on which irritated the surrounding systems including Italy which did not know the republican system until the end of the World War II 1945. The establishment of the Republic in Tripoli was very fast. It occurred after the defeat of the ottoman empire in World War I, and the ratification of Madrous agreement in (October 1918) by which the empire surrendered the religious authorities which connected it to the Tripoli Republic . This occurred after it withdrew its forces fi"om Tripoli afiermath of the ratification of Lou sane treaty ( October 1912). This proves that there was a great political awareness, which was enjoyed by the national leaders. They also had a desire in gaining independence and liberation which indicates to the promotion of their ambitions. Especially, this case was timed with the appearance of the USA president Wilson principles (Wilson’s Fourteen points). These principles supported the right of the people to self determination which was projected by the end of the World War I. By their long straggle and persistence the leaders of the republic endured bitter fighting since the beginning of Italian envision. The Government the of Libyan fighters (AL Mujahideen) or the Tripoli state was declared in November 1912. These leaders succeeded in announcing the republic of Tripoli in general national Conference. This conference was attended by the indigenous leaders and Sheikhs of Tripoli region. The government of the republic was chosen from four members (Ramadan Al-sowaihly, suliman Al-Barooni, Abdel Nabi Bilkhier, and Ahmed Al- Mriyad). The 'Shura' Council was also formed of twenty-four members and four members were chosen for the Republican Legitimate Council. Despite of the ruthless suppression of the Italian authorities which executed a policy of divide and rule and the containment of the Libyans, the Libyan leaders managed to gain the recognition of the Tripoli Republic after long negotiations. They even got a constitution and they also formed the central reform party, under the leadership of Ahmed Al-Mriyad, in September 1919. Then, the central reform organization was announced, after the conference of Gherian in November 1920. At Sert conference in January 1922 efforts were made to unify the national powers on Tripoli and Cyrenica. The Tripoli leaders took the pledge of loyalty to the Prince Mohamed Idris Al-sanousi of Cyrenica to be the head of the state. This unified the national confrontation movement and established a political federation between the east and west of the country under one leadership. The short period of the republic and its rapid end was a result of many conditions and factors which surrounded it and led to its tennination. One of these factors was the disagreement of leaders about the choice of depriving the republic from foreign support and none recognition by the European states- In addition to the policy of divide and rule which was applied by Italy and in 1922 the renewal of its military operations. The study falls into five chapters with a preface, a conclusioin, appendixes. The first chapter is an introductory one, the second deals with the topic. . .etc. C