ولاية العهد في الدولة العثمانية (49 هـ / 670 م - 332 هـ / 843 م)

Abstract

Abstract Islam does not shape sharply the political performance in the Islamic state with holy constraints. However it states general principles of which the important is Elshura. Since the holy Quraan does not provide a detailed account on Elshura, a great deal, flexibility is left for the human mind of develop relatively ideal method implementing of Elshura in away that maintains human dignity and realize justice Elshura is not an Islamic invention that has never been experienced before. There were many human experiences and theories developed to enlighten the way to modernization and progression. The distination between Elshura and democracy is often based on their mechanisms and on the ground that Elshura is divine a advice whereas democracy, is the product of human thought. Al-Khilafa Elrashida was based on Elshura, However, in Umayyad and Abbaside eras the system of the government was based on heritage and became royal in those eras the Khalifa adopted the crown prince system which brought about political troubles such as the crowning of incompetent princes. In spite of the disadvantage of this system, it maintained Elshura system in form. ' Historical events often lie on factors that follow their directions and currents. Such factors are usually related to the groups, individual leaders of history, countries, economy, and trends and thoughts. The progression of those events in Mawaya era was underlied by two tendencies*. In spite of Mawayas efforts to settle down the dispute*, he was not sure that it would rise again and therefore he thought of crown prince system. This system theoretically was not alien to Islam but it had not been known to Moslems from the practical point of view. Mawaya was criticized for crowning his son Yazid although he had the justifications to do so. He's system did not seem_;to put an end to dispute over El-Khalifa issue. In stead, it took the royal family members into hot competition over the throne. ' In Marwan era the throne was conferred on two crown princes. As soon as the throne was handed over to Abdul-malik grandsons they began to take arms against each other over it. This state placed doubts on their legality and drove away their throne. The selection of the Khalifa in the early Abbasside era was based on Elshura however; it was a limited kind of shura because it involved the royal family member and prominent leaders only. The crown prince system had been the source of troubles to the Khalifa of Abbassid era. Resulted from the heritage- based crowning, the throne was sometimes conferred upon incompetent princes and political considerations were imposed over the religious ones to extend that some Muslim governors became more like kings than they are Khalifas.