اثر القبيلة علي صنع القرار السياسي في اليمن (1980- 2003)

Abstract

Abstract This research took up analysis of the Tribe , as an important, influenced social power , that has multi-relations with formal and informal Yemeni making-decision generally and privately and to how far its affects in the political , economic and socially life. The main searcher output briefed in the following :- First Pivot : Tribe and Connection with Yemeni Political History. l. Yemeni tribe has political components , and for military, cultural and historical reasons, tribe is an active in the political and socially life, therefore, the second assumption ( embodied in this research), confirmed why tribe linked with the nature of tribal Yemeni structure. 2. The Yemeni tribe constitutes a political conception, that, gathering some of political party's marks, Lobby, tribe also seeking for access to the Power and participate directly in making-decision, and influenced in them, in the way allow to achieve its interests and claims — this point among others, been referred to within the text of first assumption of this research, and also it stated out, that, the tribe —as a result of analogy to its role, performance, Tribe acquisitions the marks of interests group. 3. Tribe contribution keeping Yemeni community coherent, its identity, authentication and civilized heritage, this comes through holding strongly on values and tribal customs. 4. These Conceptions, tribe traditions succeed in keeping the tribe's Impact more active in all political, socially and economic aspects, this details- the research made it clear , that , traditions and customs are in the line with an Intemational Legislations pertaining with Human Rights in~now a day. 5. Tribe is not stand against or anti to the State — Historically - evidences refers to tribe as an integral part of the Yemeni State. 6. Any body try to gain tribes’ Satisfactory, will continue in ruling for long time. 7. The Second assumption of this research, made sure of fact, that, an ancestors regimes were running behind attracting and gaining the tribe's loyalty through their leaders, for achieving the stability of the society.8. During the age of political and military conflicts, tribe was on front sight of the disputers - this fact maintained by second assumption. - Second Pivot :- Tribe Impact on Political Making-Decision: 9. The recent regime attempted to find a mechanism for co- existence with an active elements of tribes — this come to be throughjoining some them in making-decision process._ 10. Tribe after unity, played strongly its political role , the high posts granted to tribe's member, this situated them in a high position and privileges which enable to get through the political system structure(Assumption No. 4 ) . ll. Depending on Appeal to Tribal customs, still in force , as a priority many times than Appeal to State Law. In other cases, political decision, roses from tribal willingness. 12. Tribe with its own leaders, preceded the other scholars and holders of high graduators in accessing to the Polls , national assembly seats and power-sharing . 13. The following are reasons of Tribal impacts : (A) The military possibilities of the Yemeni tribe , made them sharing the State in having the tools of coercion , and this made the right to use force as common right between State and Tribe in Yemen. (B) Many Tribal politician came into political theatre, named in a high political posts and went through economic investments, this add to them — rather to say empower them further with four sources of influences ( tribal Affiliation, Political Posts, Military high Ranks, Economic Wealth) , all these redoubled their impacts in making political decision . (c) The first Assumption of this research proved that, The Ruling Power was disabled to achieve goals and requirements of — mostly — of community members, moreover, the State marginalize to the modern civil community bodies. 14. The system of the State based on participation of the Tribe's Sheikh , who are paying their full attention to remove all kinds of obstacles and end the suffer of the civilians. 15. Decision Maker shouldn't put the socially power in side-line upon decision making , and he has to focused on social power as a partners. 16. The Tribal leaders, their role in a continuous improving, they getting start working on locally, regionally level through tribal groups which built a considerable political, socially and economic entity — matching its leader aspirations to achieve goals. Third Pivot : The Impacts of different Transformation on Tribal Future. l- Political, legal and socially transformations , led to power monopoly and marginalizing opposition, without making any consideration to Law, this stop arising the new system that based on constitutional and legally legislation. 2- The political system became disabled to control over society motion as a result of Law absence, Judiciary corruption and non-existing unify cultural vision. 3- The formal and informal, of political decision-making structures are inactive, infertile and its practices — after all — comes as a kind of beautification on the image of the political system, as well as to bring aids from States and International Organizations. Fourth Pivot : 1. The Research made it unmistakable, when evidence stressed on tribe and its system which doesn't affected by the events and political, socially and economic transformations, Tribe still able to play the pioneering roles in Yemeni Society . 2. Tribe, is one of the main safe, and stability factor, and eligible to act such performance in Yemen. 3. An international Transformations, Culture of Globalization through advanced technology ; all these doesn’t affect on the structure of the Tribal system in Yemen.Recommendations : - To this end, searcher calling for an essential abstract recommendations which manifest in the Following : - 1-Tribal Leaders, should have to clutch strongly, their Values, Ethics , Positive Tribal Customs and documented one that corresponds with discipline and Law. 2-Tribal Leaders should have to record their History, bright struggling and Practical Experiments for the usefulness of the next Generations. 3-Tribal Leaders should have to play their Political, socially role without pre0set purposes to work in favor of parties‘ interests. Searcher, also, recommended the Political Power with the followings:- 1-Getting on with Tribe , through political activity, plant affiliation and loyalty, away from tribal nepotism in permanent connection with country, and contributing in building a Modern State. 2-Give more chances to community organizations to practice its missions, the existening of these bodies, create new horizons and push ahead toward essential Reformations on a negative heritable. ‘ 3-Make the tribe more modern, and reintegrate it into civil community organizations, exploiting its potentials in order to establish Modern Yemeni State.