كلية العلوم

Permanent URI for this communityhttps://repository.neelain.edu.sd/handle/123456789/482

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 932

Recovry of Ammonia As Slruviie From Sour watre
(Alneelain University, 2-05) Hu'sam Eldeen Mustafa A. Alwahab
Abstract This work is an addition j_and modification to the treatment unit of the sour water at Khartoum Refinery Plant. ln the treatment unit H28 is withdrawn and burned while the ammonia is discharged on the surrounding area causing environmental damage. This thesis includes the preliminary experiments of struvite formation (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) and the optimum condition such as concentration, pH and reaction time. The proposed unit is designed for production of 515 kg/h of struvite from the stream of ammonia which comes out from sour water treatment unit. The cost estimation conversed greater profit , the market for the product is granted as it is world widely used e.g. in Japan and china as fertilizer. So, application of this proposed unit will be of a great reward economically, as well as environmentally by getting rid of the ammonia and avoiding its negative effects.
Analaysis of the pyrolysis products of terminalia brownii wood
(Al Neelain University, 206) Elmubarak Elsiddig Elamin
Terminalia brownii wood is used by Sudanese women to impart characteristic smoky odour and brown colour to the skin by exposing bodies to the destructive distillation volatile products of the wood chips. objective of this study was to analyze the volatile products of the wood to the presence of any hazardous pyrolytic products, with special emphasis on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that are known to be For this purpose air dry T.br0wnii wood chips obtained from the market were used. Elemental analysis of the wood showed that it is of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and minor amounts of nitrogen and sulphur. pyrolysis experiments were carried out with three different methods. In the method comminuted wood was carbonized in the temperature interval 650°C) in an electrically heated retort oven. In the second method wood were pyrolyzed in a specially designed and made for this study galvanized retort heated by gas. In the third method powdered wood meal was pyrolyzed a modern analytical pyrolyzer directly coupled with a high-resolution chromatograph combined with a mass spectrometer providing a fast, as well temperature-programmed analytical pyrolysis The condensable pyrolysis products formed two layers, a lighter organic layer and a heavier tar layer. The characteristic smoky odour \ concentrated in the tar layer especially in the water distillate of the tar, while aqueous organic layer had a mild smoky odour.Some subfractions of aqueous organic layer had sweet odours. Some diesters of phthalic acid with higher alcohols were detected in neutral fractions of both layers obtained by the ﬁrst two methods, while temperature-programmed analytical pyrolysis showed that these esters w found among the products obtained at temperature interval 250-270 “C. The presence of such esters among the pyrolysis products of lignocellulosic materials has not been reported in literature. The study conﬁrmed the already stated in literature fact that slow methods result in numerous products compared to the fast pyrolysis probably due to side and recombination reactions accompanying the formei method. Such numerous products can not be satisfactorily separated by thir layer or column chromatography, but only by high-resolution ga chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, although not detected can not be excluded since some of the unidentiﬁed high-molecular-weigh1 compounds had prominent parent ion peaks in their mass spectra, characteristic of such compounds.
Blending of vegetable oils 0 prepare t the hard water
(Neelain University, 1983) Obaid Basher Ismaiel Ahmed
Abstract Soap forms cruds with hard water and these increases as hardness of water increases. This will cause a great amount of soap to be lost as precipitate because it forms insoluble compound before foaming or lathering. On the other hand detergent will not form cruds with hard water because it forms soluble compounds that can easily dissolve in hard water. The aim of this project is to find a suitable sample soap to resist the hard water of Red Sea region especially in Port-Sudan town. This is done by blending different vegetable oils abundant in Sudan e. g groundnut oil, sesame oil, sunﬂower oil ,and cotton seed oil with some imported oil e.g. coconut oil , palm oil and palm-kernel oil which are the main components of sea soap. _ To select the best blended oil to synthesis a sample soap which forms less cruds or precipitate on the most)hard water in port Sudan, with \ comparison lo laboratory prepared detergent. Finally after finding the best blended oil, we mixed it withl% sulphonic acid (component of detergent) /éu increase its surface tension to get better sample soap that can resist hard water of Port Sudan town. Analysis of physical and chemical properties of both blended oil and synthesis soap was carried out.
A METHOD FOR ASSESSING GAMMA CAMERA LESION DETECTABILITY
(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 1999-11) GAF AR HAYDER MOHAMMED SAEED
its/<§§_§_l'//,"iA.é/_¢/T A new simple method for the assessment of the capability of a gamma camera in detecting lesions within the patient is described. The method, when applied on the ZLC-37 Siemens gamma camera modeﬁed by Mediso, showed that this gamma camera equiped with a ( LEAP) collimator was capable of detecting lesions of dimensions of; 0.4 cm,0.6 cm, 0.8 cm, 0.9 cm, 1.0 cm and 1.2 cm and above, when they were located at; the surface of the patient, depth of 4 cm or less, depth of 9 cm or less, depth of 1 1 cm or less, depth of l4 cm or less and l9 cm or less, respectively. When these values were compared with similar results obtained from a thyroid phantom studies, showed good agreement. Further studies to develop the method were recornmended. 1 l mil
Assessment of drinking water quality in new halfe settement villages and the town
(Neelain University, 2000) ola Ahmed Mohmmed
The purpose of this study is to assess the drinking water quality in the New Halfa area settlement villages and the town”. The study area \vater samples were divided into three types: Water from ground well (village”l5”)- treated surface water from the town —untreated surface water from the villages, this was divided spatially as (southern sector villages”7,lO”, middle sector villages “5,l l,l2”, northem sector villages “2l,22,24”). These locations were chosen to cover the whole area. Four sources for each site were selected (priciptation well-storage and suppling tank-taps at ﬁrst and end of the distribution net), samples from this sources were collected for physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis in the winter and the summer season to see any variation during these seasons .The physical and chemical parameters which investigated were(temperature,turbidity, pl-l, E.C, TDS, T.l-l, T.Alk, sci" ,Cl',Ca2', M g’*,Na*,1<*,re,cu,cr“*, NH3, NO2',NO_{,F',COD,and residual chlorine in case oftreated water. The bacteriological analysis detennined were : total colonies, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, faecal coliform, and faecal streptococci. The study showed that there was no faecal pollution in the ground water tapped from boreholes and the treated water of the town at taps, whilein the untreated surface water samples from the sectors villages, showed huge faecal pollution, where there is no-treatment or due to bad conditions surronding the stations and the distribution- nets. The bacteriological pollution increases more in winter season than in summer, Probably due to enhanced activities of bacteria in the winter. Also the study conﬁrmed that unplanned houses “kanabi” play a major role in polluting the surface water, in addition to mismangement of the drinking water. The study also showed that the concentration of the chemical parameters were in the permissible levels of the (WI~lOl995) standards, except that, the nitrites were in high levels particularly in winter. This may be due to the use of nitrogen compounds in agricultural activities. The study recommended the following solutions: - To maintains all drinking water stations in the villages and the town. - To urgently excavate boreholes where village's geology permits as an alternative to surﬁlce water, which is subjected to pollution. - To provide the unplanned houses (kanabi) with latrines to avoid
الملاريا في ولاية شمال دارفور
(جامعة النيلين, 2000-10) إبراهيم الزين الامين
Abstract A perspective and a retrospective study to evaluate and document the Prevalence of malaria ill Northern . Dar Fur was undertaken during the period of November 1998 - November 1999 . the study was conﬁned to the elementary schools children as representative to the population of the towns of Fashir, Kutum , Kabkabya and Umkaddada . The study established the presence of malaria throughout the year , and that the classical symptoms of headaches, fever, nausea etc.., were accentuated by malaria in 94.7% of the cases presenting in Fashir , 84. 7% in Kutum, 74.6% in Kabkabya, and 56.7% in Umkaddada. The causative agent was positively identified as E. falciparum in 92.25- 100 % of the cases presenting to hospitals. Out of 400 cases of malaria closely monitored , only 55. 75 % were cured after treatment with chloroquine , the rest 44 .25 needed further treatment with antimalarials such as Fansidar or qLIl111116. L . The retrospective study of the statistics of the Ministry of records revealed that malaria was responsible for over 30% of the hospital admissions. Amongst school children malaria cause an average of 2.59 days / month of school absentees compared to an average of 1.08 days / month for all other diseases, thus making malaria the 1naill cause for schooling disruption . Comparison of the incidence of malaria in Northern Dar Fur with the national average in all other parts of Sudan indicated that the incidence of malaria is steadily increasing in N.Dar Fur especially in years of high rainfall . The need for evaluation of malaria resistance to chloroquine in N . Dar was indicated together with suggestions for improving the environmental health standards to levy the situation and threat of malaria in N. Dar Fur .
Assessment Of Drinking Water Quality In New Half Settement villages And The Town
(Al Neelain University, 2000-12) Ola Ahmed Mohammed Abdo
The purpose of this study is to assess the drinking \vaterquality in the New l-lall'a area settlement villages and the town". The study area \vatcr samples \vere divided into three types: Water from ground wcll (villagc”l5”)- treated surface \vater lrom the town —untrealed surlace \vater lrom the villages, this \vas divided spatially as (southern sector villages"7,l0", middle sector villages “5.l l.l2”, northern sector villages “2l,22,24”). These locations \vere chosen to cover the \vhole area. Four sources for each site were selected (priciptation \vcll-storage and suppling tank-taps at ﬁrst and end of the distribution net), samples from this sources were collected for physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis in the winter and the summcrscason to see any variation during these seasons .The physical and chemical parameters which investigated were(temperature,turbidity, pH, E.C, TDS, T.H, T.Alk, sol" ,cr_ca"_ Mg’*,Na*,1<*,Fe,cu,c1-"*, NH3, NO2',NO_{,F',COD,and residual chlorine in ease olitreated water. The bacteriological analysis determined were : total colonies, total ' colilorms, thermotolerant eoliforms, faccal coliform, and Taeeal streptococci. The study showed that there was no faecal pollution in the ground water tapped from boreholes and the treated waterof the town at taps, \vhilc in the untreated surface water samples from the sectors villages, showed huge faeeal pollution, where there is no-treatment or due to bad conditions surronding the stations and the distribution- nets. The bacteriological pollution increases more in \vinter season than in summer, Probably due to enhanced activities of bacteria in the winter. Also the study conﬁrmed that unplanned houses “kanabi" play a major role in polluting the surface water, in addition to mismangemenl olithe drinking water. The study also showed that the concentration olithe chemical parameters were in the permissible levels of thc(Wl-lOl99S)standards, except that, the nitritcs were in high levels particularly in winter_ This may be due to the use oi‘ nitrogen compounds in agricultural activities. ' The study recommended the following solutions: — To maintains all drinking water stations in the villages and the town. - To urgently excavate boreholes where village's geology permits as an alternative to surface water, which is subjected to pollution. - To provide the unplanned houses (kanabi) with latrines to avoid misusing the canals.
Geophysical study on groundwater structure at two localities in central butana (sudan)
(2001) Khalid Mustafa Kheiralla
Isolation and Identification of Some Pathogenic Bacteria from Powdered Milk
(AL-Neelain University, 2001) Shereen Osman Mohammed Farah
Abstract Milk powder is used as a meal, especially for children because of its similarity to breast milk or because it is fully or partially as a suitable alternative because milk is usually regarded as the only source of feeding for children, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) under the guidance of infant formula advised producers to make sure that the product provide the food requirements for children. This study was conducted on 60 samples of dried milk "infant and adult" by examining the total viable bacterial count as well as isolation of those present such as staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp,Erzter0bacter sakazakii and Listeria monocytogenes .The results show that staphylococcus aureus , the total viable bacterial count of adult ranged between 0-3.8>< 10 (CFU)/ ml. Staphylococcus aureus isolated was 11.11% from infant and 69.2% from adults . Escherichia coli and Enterobacter sakazakii were isolated only from infant powdered milk (22.2%) and (44.4%) respectively. Salmonella spp were not isolated from either infant or adult powdered milk. Three Bacillus spp (B.cereus, B.mycoides and Blichenzformis) were isolated from infant powdered milk with the following percentages (44.4%, 11.11% and 38.8) as well as from adult powdered milk (76.9%, 23.07% and 61.5%). Listeria monocytogenes was isolated at rates ranging between 11.11% from infant powdered milk and 38.5% of adult powdered milk. From the result of this study, which included a limited number of samples of powdered milk (infant and adult) and limited types it, revealed that infant milk powder quality is higher than the adult because they are more susceptible to diseases. " But when judged by the types of organisms it seems that infant milk powder contains more species though not from adults. It is also not reported on any of the Sudanese previous studies to cause health problems. الخلاصه الحليب المجفف يستخدم كوجبة وخاصة للأطفال بسبب تشابهه للبن الأم أولأنه مناسب كبديل كامل أو جزئي له. نسبة لأن حليب الأطفال عادة يعتبر كمصدر وحيد لتغذية الأطفال ، قامت منظمة الأمم المتحدة للزراعة والأغذية وهيئة الصحة العالميةبتوجيه منتجي حليب الأطفال للتأكد من أن المنتج يمد الأطفال بالمتطلبات الغذائية. أجريت هذه الدراسة على 60 عينة حليب مجفف " أطفال وكبار"وذلك لمعرفه العدالحيوي الكلي للميكروبات والتعرف على :العنقوديه الذهبيه،الأشريكيه القولونيه،الساسازاكي الأمعائيه،العصيات،واللستيريه.وجد أن العدالحيوي الكلي للحليب المجفف للكبار تراوح بين 0–3.8×10وحدة مكونة للمستعمرات لكل مل، والعدالحيوي الكلي للحليب المجفف للأطفال تراوح بين0–2.8×10وحدة مكونة للمستعمرات لكل مل. عزلت العنقوديه الذهبيه من حليب الأطفال بنسبة11.11% ومن حليب الكبار بنسبة 69.2%. تم عزل الأشريكيه القولونيهمن حليب الأطفال فقط بنسبة 22.2%.وعزلت الساسازاكيه الأمعائيه من حليب الأطفال فقط بنسبة 44.4%.ولم يتم عزل السالمونيلامن كلاهما.وكذلك عزلت أنواع مختلفة من العصيات بنسب تتراوح بين 44.4% و11.11% و38.8% من حليب الأطفال و76.9%و23.1%و61.5% من حليب الكبار. وعزلت اللستيريه بنسب تتراوح بين 11.11% من حليب الأطفال و 38.5% من حليب الكبار. وعليه من هذه الدراسة التي شملت عدد محدود من عينات الحليب المجفف (أطفال وكبار) وأنواع محدودة منه. توصلت الى ان بالنسبه للعد الكلي للبكتيريا،حليب الأطفال المجفف أعلى جودة من حليب الكبار المجفف وهذا لأنهم أكثر حساسية للإصابة بالأمراض. بينما أنواع البكتيريا المعزوله من حليب الأطفال المجفف كانت أكثر من التي عزلت من الحليب المجفف للكبار،كما أنها لم تذكر أنها تسببت في مشاكل صحيه في الدراسات السودانيه
WA TER A AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANI TA ON IN DISPLA CED AREAS, (KHAIRTOUM STA TE)
(Neelain University, 2001) Emad Mohamed Abdallah
The main objective of this investigation was to study the problem of water , environmental sanitation and its impacts on the health of the people in displaced camps. Four displaced camps; Al Salaaln,Gebel Awlia ,Mayo and Karton Kassala shantytown in Khartoum State which selected for investigation. l0 samples from the groundwater resources in the displaced areas were examined physically and chemically, and 21 samples from the same sources were examined bacteriologically.l20 samples from the drinking water containers (Zeer, plastic containers,etc..) of the displaced people were examined bacteriologically. Water resources in the displaced areas were physically and chemically ﬁt for human consumption according to the WHO guidelines except total hardness (TH) which was ranging between] 52-308 mg/l with mean 242.8 mg/l. The microbial quality of water resources in the displaced areas showed that the mean count of total bacteria ranging between 47 x103/ml to 260 x103/ml, and the mean count of thennotolerant coliform ranging between ( 0 to 11MPN/100ml). E. coli was not detected in these resources and this means there is no human faecal pollutants. However, /Laerogenes was ranging between 25% to 60% and E.frundii was ranging between 0 % to 30% of the isolates examined. The drinking water in the displaced containers was highly contaminated by bacteriological pollutants higher than the recommended WHO level. The mean count of total bacteria was ranging between 125x103/ml to 278x104/ml, the mean count of thermotolerant colifonn was ranging between 7-140 MPN/100ml with mean 3.59MPN/ 100ml and the percent of E.c0/1' was ranging between (1% to 60%) . The questionnaires showed that the reasons of water pollution in the displaced areas were; low levels of water consumption, which ranging between 15 liter/c/d to 29 liter/c/d, low mean monthly income which ranging between (89,00 to 199,00 SD.), and poor environmental sanitation awareness in the displaced areas. The presence of sanitation facilities were ranging between 30% to 67%. In addition to the careless of the displaced people by the personal
Geophysical Study on Groundwater Structure at two localities in Central Butana (Sudan)
(Neelain University, 2001) Khalid Mustafa Kheiralla
The study area lies between latitudes 140 30‘ and 160 00‘ N-, and longitudes 33° 30‘ and 350 30‘ E. A negative Bouguer gravity anomaly was identiﬁed in the area and referred to as Jebel Mundara. Also the drainage system shows the anomaly area as a delta of four Wadis (valleys). A number of isolated outcrops of Pre-Cambrian Basement Complex rocks scatter over the central plains of Sudan. In the Butana region, several hills occur prominent landmarks within the predominantly ﬂat clay plains. The solid geology of the Butana plain is rather concealed un_der a fencer of variable thickness of superﬁcial clays covering over 70% of its total area. The present study was suggested in an effort to delineated and deﬁne the mentioned anomaly in more detail and to give a reasonable geological and hydrogelogical exploration for its existence. Also to check the delta of another four Wadies lying on the opposite side and shearing the same water divide with the mentioned ones. Integrated geophysical methods (Regional Gravity, EM Survey, and Electrical-Sounding) were applied to achieve the above aims. A total of 100 gravity points were conducted in the study area and they are compile to 275 gravity points acquired, by Sun Oil Company (approximately 2475 kmz were covered in the study area). Gravity data analyses were performed by "GEOSOFT" packages. The results show that the gravity lows is largely attributed to the occurrence of low-density rocks (granite intruded) into the high-density rocks (green schist) of the Butana region. On the other hand the gravity high zones unambiguously coincide with the areas of known shallow Basement Complex. A total of 57 VES were carried outs in the study area and distributed a long 7 proﬁles, cover almost the two interested areas. The results indicate that the sedimentary cover is relatively thin, and the Basement Complex is very shallow in the study area. The total length of the EM Survey is about 35 km. The EM measurements reﬂects considerable fracturing (faults and shear zones). Three sets of fractures are identiﬁed with NE, NW and N-S trending. M ' t Finally, one of the objective of this work is to delineate lineaments in more details using geological informations and the geophysical data (gravity, resistivity, and electromagnetic) in the study area. They are also merged and combined with image data for a given geographic area using "GlS" software,‘ to produce an integrated map of the area.
some Aspects Of Flow Through Pomus Medla
(Neelain University, 2001) Azhari Ahmed Abdalla
ABSTRACT A mathematical modelling of ﬂow through porous media, from Darcy to Non- Darcy is presented. The nature of non—linear ﬂow in porous media is analyzed by means of the volumetric averaging approach, and physical explanation for the dispersion term is deduced. The effect of porosity on natural convective ﬂow and heat transfer ina saturated porous medium has been investigated using Galerkrin’s ﬁnite element method. A boundary value solution to axisymmetric creeping ﬂow ‘ past and through aporous prolate spheroid is presented. Solutions for the temperature ﬁeld caused by the ﬂow past aheated spheroid in saturated -porous media are presented inthe case where the spheroid is heldat constant temperature, and- Where the ﬂux at all points on the spheroid is held constant. Some applications of the equations of ﬂow through porous media are given in the groundwater ﬂow and oil recovery. Singular integral equation methods are used to obtain closed form solutions for ﬂow from single straight line fracture. ' An analytical solution is derived for two dimensional steady tunnel in afully saturated, homogeneous, isotropic, and semi- inﬁnite aquifer.
Studies on Wilt Diseases of Cotton in Central Region, With Emphasis on Morbid Anatomy
(Neelain University, 2001) Khadiga Gaafar Abdel Aleem Ibrahim
ABSTRACT In this research, the following investigations were under taken as follows: a) Random surveys of cotton plants for detection of both fusarium and physiological wilts. The surveys covered different localities through-out Central Sudan; b) laboratory investigations on isolations and identiﬁcation of causal organisms in case of fusarium; c) Glass—house studies on pathogenicity tests ; and d) Anatomical studies within both resistant and susceptible cultivars. The results of the surveys showed that cotton wilt caused by Fusarium.oxysporummasinﬁzctum was widely distributed through-out the Gezira Scheme, including Managil extention; on Gossypium. barbadense cv. “Traditional Barakat” It was also present at some asite at the Gezira Research Station Farm (GRSF) on the same cultivar. As regards physiological wilt it was widely distributed through-out the Gezira Scheme , both on “Traditional Barakat” and “Shambat B" . As regards isolation studies, F.o.vasinfectum was consistently‘ associated with infected Traditional Barakat within all of the localities smveyed. 7 Pathogenicity tests proved that Gossypiumbarbadense cv. "Traditional Barakat” was highly susceptible to infection by F.o.vasinfectum isolate from GRSF. This cultivar also exhibited highest percentage of disease incidance. On the other hands, Gossypium. hirsutum cv “Shambat B” was found to be tolerant as it did not develop any of the known typical extemal symptoms. _ _ The results also proved that artiﬁcial inoculation by pure culture technique was most effective compared to the other technique known as Trash technique of Yassin (1986). ' lt was also worth noting that all of the incoulated plants of “Traditional Barakat” exhibited remarkable stunting as generalized symptoms; in addition to the known typical symptoms per se. Such stunting of plant was observed symptoms even in case of the highly “tolerant” cv Shambat B. Such observed on Shambat B is consideredthe ﬁrst record known; as it was not mentioned by any of the previous investigators. - Anatomical investigations through the stems and roots in case of fusariurm wilt showed the occurrence of spores within the plant tissues in relation to time factor, e.g. at earlier stage of infection it was restricted to the epidermal and cortical layers. Subsequently such spore masses further extended to the phloem and xylem parenchyma. In older plants the pathogen spores and hyphae were present even within the xylem vessels as well as pith. In addition, plugging of the xylem vessels and tracheids was also form in case of “Traditional Barakat”. By comparison such plugging was only conﬁned to the tracheids in case of Shambat B. , Plants of both cultivars namely Traditional Barakat and Sl1a1nbatB, affected by physiological wilt 6Xl1ll)lI6Cl excessive growth of ground tissue; exemplified by necrotic effects due to compaction of cells. Finally, best control methods, especially of pathogenic wilt, were suggested as follows: Use of resistant varieties, eg. “Barakat 90” and “Shambat B”. b)Appropriate rotation, c) Crop hygiene, eg. removal of plant debris from previous season, d) Biological control, e) Chemical control, using recommended fungicide, as last resort.
Studies on Wilt Diseases of Cotton in Central Region, With Emphasis on Morbid Anatomy
(Neelain University, 2001) Khadiga Gaafar Abdel Aleem Ibrahim
ABSTRACT In this research, the following investigations were under taken as follows: a) Random surveys of cotton plants for detection of both fusarium and physiological Wilts. The surveys covered different localities through-out Central Sudan; b) laboratory investigations on isolations and identiﬁcation of causal organisms in case of fusarium; c) Glass—l1ouse studies on pathogenicity tests ; and d) Anatomical studies within both resistant and susceptible cultivars. The results of the sw'veys showed that cotton wilt caused by Fusarium.0xysp0rum.vasin]%clum was widely distributed through-out the Gezira Scheme, including Managil extention; on Gossypium. barbadense cv. “Traditional Barakat” It was also present at some asite at the Gezira Research Station Farm ( GRSF) on the same cultivar. As regards physiological wilt it was widely distributed through-out the Gezira Scheme , both on “Traditional Barakat” and “Shambat B" . As regards isolation studies, F.0.vasinfectum was consistently associated with infected Traditional Barakat within all of the localities surveyed. i i Pathogenicity tests proved that Gossypiumlaarbadense cv. "Traditional Barakat” was highly susceptible to infection by F.0.vasinfectum isolate from GRSF. This cultivar also exhibited highest percentage of disease incidance. On the other hands, Gossypium. hirsutum cv “Shambat B” was found to be tolerant as it did not develop any of the known typical external symptoms. _ ' The results also proved that artiﬁcial inoculation by pure culture technique was most effective compared to the other teclmique known as Trash teclmique of Yassin (1986). ~ It was also worth noting that all of the incoulated plants of “Traditional Barakat” exhibited remarkable stunting as generalized symptoms; in addition to the known typical symptoms per se. Such stunting of plant was observed symptoms even in case of the highly “tolerant” cv Shambat B. Such observed on Shambat B is considered the ﬁrst record known; as it was not mentioned by any of the" previous investigators. Anatomical investigations through the stems and roots in case of ﬁzsariurm wilt showed the occurrence of spores within the plant tissues in relation to time factor, e.g. at earlier stage of infection it was resnicted to the epidennal and cortical layers. Subsequently such spore masses further extended to the phloem and xylem parenchyma. In older plants the pathogen spores and hyphae were present even within the xylem vessels as well as pith. In addition, plugging of the xylem vessels and tracheids was also fonn in case of “Traditional Barakat”. By comparison such plugging was only conﬁned to the tracheids in case of Shambat B. Plants of both cultivars namely Traditional Barakat and Shambat B, affected by physiological wilt exhibited excessive growth of ground tissue; exemplified by necrotic effects due to compaction of cells. Finally, best control methods, especially of pathogenic wilt, were suggested as follows: . Use of resistant varieties, eg. “Barakat 90” and “Shambat B”. b)Appropriate rotation, c) Crop hygiene, eg. removal of plant debris from previous season, d) Biological control, e) Chemical control, using recommended fungicide, as last resort. i
GEOLOGY AND COASTAL PLAIN EVOLUTION OF TOWARATIT, SOUTH PORT-SUDAN, RED SEAy SUDAN
(Alneelain University, 2001-05) OMER ATTAJ OMER
ABSTRACT Towaratit coastal plain, Red Sea consist of three different environments: intertidal zone, hypersaline coastal lagoon and fringing reefs. Samples from each environment were obtained to textural, mineralogical and geochemical analysis. One borehole was drilled from supratidal zone for studying subsurface stratigraphy. The sabkha ﬂat is composed of different types of facies (muddy sand, sandy mud and sand) as mixture of terrigenous and organic constituent. The sediments are generally, poor sorted, coarse skewed in range of -1.25 to 2.25 (I) in grain - size. The lagoonal sediments characterizes by medium poor sorted reefal sand whereas the reef ﬂat consists of varying grain - size from ﬁne to coarse due to the hydrodynamic conditions. The inﬂuence of the aeolain dust in the lagoon sediments and sabkha deposits is more than in the reef ﬂat. This proved by the inverse relationship between aragonite and the high - Mg calcite and the variations in the Fe concentration in the three different environments. The carbonate minerals vary in the concentrations and the diagensis took place in the area. Dolomite is completely absent in the subsurface sediments as well as evaporations minerals which are replaced by carbonate. Mono and mixed calcite layers appear in different depths. Although, the total carbonate content (70 - 97%) and carbonate minerals (aragonite, high - Mg calcite) are higher in the concentration, but there is no clear relation with grain - size due to the variation in amount and types of biological communities which also affect in the concentration and distribution of carbonate minerals. The carbonate minerals are attrebuted to organic and non- organic materials. The nature of sediment and mineralogical results indicate that most sediments originated in the Pleistocene. Ca, Mg and Fe were detennined. Fe shows a signiﬁcant variation with indication of inﬂuence of surrounding formation which supply the area by ﬁne elastic terrigenous materials. The low Fe concentration and absence of quartz and feldspar in the reef ﬂat indicated that the reef system protection by the lagoon. Five meters thickness of Pleistocene coralline limestone overlain by two meters of Holocene deposits inthe subsurface sequence give a good evidence of paleoclimate and sea level changes. Benthic foraminifera (Rotalina and Miliolina sp) are also used to identify the depths and the sea level ﬂuctuation. From Pliocene to Recent the area is subjected to tectonic movement. The inner deeper part of the lagoon is result of uplift and eroded the exposed part by physical and chemical processes changing the geomorphology and causing an evolution of the area.
امكانية الاستفادة من خامات بعض الصخور والمعادن في الصناعة المحلية ( الاوهرة والجبس والحجر الجيري والتلك)
(alneelain, 2002) امل صالح احمد الزين
Abstract This theisis is submetted for the award M.ScDegree in Geology (Economic Geology) wich consists offive chapters, with the folowing details:- Chapter One deals with an introduction and methods ofinvistigation both in the field and the laprotory. Chapter Two desplays types of ores of ochre, in the Sudan with detailed study for a locality example: Jable Menza - Fadimyia area - Ingessana Hills-Blue Nile State. Geomorphological, Geological and Physiographic features, plust the expected tonnages for this locality have been displayed. The chapter also reffects the production of ochre in the world and its position compared to other coloring materials. Chapter Three deals with some ores ofindustirial minerals and building materials, which are: gypsum, limestone and talc. In the chapter also uses and economic importance of this materials are spelt out. An example locality of limestone, is Jabel Derudeb in the Red Sea Hills. Description of geomorphological, geological and tectonic features together with tonnage is given. The chapter also covers talc ores for wich coardnates, geomorphological and geotectonic characters have been reflected in an example locality viz Qala El Nahal area. Physical and geochemical properties together with the expected tonnage are discussed and compared with other ores of industirial minerals, as for as its economic importantce and uses. Chapter Four discusses the results of the laborotorial work wich were carried out to verify the economic uses of raw matirials discussed above Discussion of the techniques used for simple industralization according to the experments and results of this study is.also covered in this chapter. The chapter also covers the study of the possibility of uses of gypsum and talc in dentestry other engineering properties of gypsum ores in industry have been discussed also. Chapter five summaries the drawn results of this study with some recommendations.
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT RED SEA STAT
(Neelain University, 2002) ABDALLA ELTOM MOHAMED ELSHEIKH
ABSTRACT This Ph.D. thesis integrates geological. remote sensing. geophysical, climatological and hydrogeological studies, to investigate the hydrogeological situation in the central Red Sea State. This area is considered to be one ofthe most gro\ving areas in Sudan, in which the two main ports ol“Sudan are situated. Port- Sudan and Sawakin. The geological studies are concerned with the rock types, of both basement and sedimentary origin, and their related structures such as faults, fractures and joints which affect the amount and quality ofground\vater. The geological studies. done by use feld measurements, rock sample analysis and mapping. For remote sensing studies the land-sat TM and MSS were used to detect target areas for \vater exploitation projects. by determining the geological setting, topographical features and drainage pattern. lt is evident that these integrated study techniques are useful reconnaissance method for \vater resources studies. The geophysical investigation method applied in this study is the electromagnetic method (EM). which gave good results in determining sediments thickness and the basement conliguration at the target areas. including the Lower, Middle and Upper Gates of Khor Arbaat and at the proposed dam sides at Khor Mog and Khor Salalab. The climatological and hydrological studies included the collection ofdata on elements. precipitation, evaporation, humidity. temperature and stream runoff, which effect the \vater budget. From these studies the total annual precipitation in the study area is found to be ofabout 900 million cubic metres. where the average annual precipitation in the study area is about I20 mm. Most ofthis amount of \vater lost by evaporation which is calculated in average to be of M00 mm/year. Other loss ofthis amount of \vater is found to be due to surface runoff. the groundwater storage in fractures and weathering zones or in Alluvial sediments. ' The hydrogcological studies were done only in the Alluvial sediments ofthe Khor due to the lack ofthe boreholes in the other lithological units for pumping test. The variation in hydraulic conductivity and storage capacity is due to the heterogeneity ofscdiment types, which is range from 2.60xl0'3 m/s to 2.35xl0'1 m/s in Khor Arbaat, from 6.52xl0'4 m/s to 3.06.\l0" m/s in Khor Saloum and ofabout 2.70xlO'3 m/s in average in the Coastal Area. The water level ﬂuctuated due to the recharge and discharge in the basin, the water table rises during the summer and winter rains in the study area, \vhere it reached the lo\vest value in the dry period during June and .luly. The storage capacity of Khor Arbaat calculated to be of about 22 million cubic meters, the annual recharge by the flood is ofabout l2 million cubic meters. The groundwater recharge as underground ﬂow at the Upper-Gate is of about 365 x103 m3/year. The total annual discharge as underground ﬂow at the Lower-Gate is 455xl03m]/year. the discharge due to pumping from Khor Arbaat basin ofabout 4.5x IO“ m3/year in average. The total needs for potable water estimated by Water Authority at Port- Sudan to\vn is 60.000 mi/day. The available water supply is 30.000 ma/day from Khor Arbaat (l5.000 ml/day from surface-\vater and 15.000 m3/day from groundwater). Additional \vater supply can be possible: where of about 30,000 m3/day can pump liom the groundwater resources in Khor Arbaat instead of l5.000 ,/_ m3/day. Of about 30.000 m3/day can pump from Khor Saloum in case that the groundwater resources 01' Khor Saloum used only lbr domestic purposes. By surface- water harvesting can safe considerable a mount of potable \vater for human needs. using local l-laﬁrs and earth dams. From the \vater chemistry the ions of Na“, Cl", SO4'2 are the dominant ions. The amount of these ions in water and the total salinity increases toward the Sea. which indicate the mixing of Sea water at the coastal area. From the rock geochemical analysis recognised that the source of salinity is mainly due to the transportation ol'chemical ions by the \vind from the Sea Coast to the recharge areas, and not due to the rock weathering in the drainage basins. ' . According, to the TDS values in water, water resources can be classiﬁed in to ls‘. Class water type of TDS< 1000 ppm. Used as drinking water, 2"“ Class water type ofTDS value from I000 to I500 ppm. use for agricultural purposes and 3'“ Class water type of TDS > I500 ppm. use for other purposes such as ﬂushing. cooling. etc.
Detection of Antibiotics and Formalin in Milk
(alneelain, 2002) Maysoon Abd Elhamed Mohammed Ahmed
Abstract Detection of antibiotics & formalin in milk 21 Samples of raw milk were examined to detect the existence of Antibiotics or formalin; samples were collected from Khartoum state. All samples were from cow’s milk, and they were collected randomly from itinerant vendors of milk during the day. Samples were divided into two groups, the first group (12 samples), four samples from each province (Khartoum, Khartoum north, Omdurman), were examined first to determine the existence of formalin by adding sulfuric acid (98%) in the presence of ferric chloride, that because the sulfuric acid was Pure. In the first group all samples were free from formalin (the violet or blue ring didn’t appear), and about antibiotics all samples which were brought from Khartoum North and Omdurman were free, but one sample of the four samples taken from Khartoum was not. The second group (9 samples), three samples from each province (Khartoum, Khartoum north, Omdurman), were examined just to determine presence of antibiotic by using Biological methods three samples of this group contained antibiotic. Detection of antibiotics & formalin In milk 10 خلاصة الكشف عن وجود مضادات حيوية وفورملين في اللبن تم فحص 12 عينة حليب خام )جميعها من لبن الأبقار(, جمعت بصورة عشوائية من ولاية الخرطوم, من الباعة الدتجولين بالحليب خلال النهار وذلك للكشف عن وجود مضادات حيوية وفورملين فيها, قسمت العينات إلى مجموعتين تم فحص المجموعة الأولى ) 21 عينة( أربع عينات من كل محافظة ) الخرطوم, بحري, أمدرمان(, لتحديد وجود الفورملين وذلك بإضافة حمض الكبريتيك (98%) في وجود كلوريد الحديديك وذلك نسبة لنقاوة الحمض. لم تظهر الحلقة البنفسجية أو الزرقاء مما دل على عدم وجود الفورملين في جميع العينات, أما بالنسبة لوجود مضادات حيوية فقد ظهر في عينة واحدة من الأربع عينات المحض ره من الخرطوم. بالنسبة للمجموعة الثانية ) 9 عينات( ثلاث عينات من كل محافظة ) الخرطوم, بحري, أمدرمان(, والتي خضعت للإختبارات الديكروبيولوجية, فقد ظهر وجود مضادات حيوية في جميع العينات المحضرة من الخرطوم
Detection of Antibiotics and Formalin in Milk
(alneelain, 2002) Maysoon Abd Elhamed Mohammed Ahmed
Abstract Detection of antibiotics & formalin in milk 21 Samples of raw milk were examined to detect the existence of Antibiotics or formalin; samples were collected from Khartoum state. All samples were from cow’s milk, and they were collected randomly from itinerant vendors of milk during the day. Samples were divided into two groups, the first group (12 samples), four samples from each province (Khartoum, Khartoum north, Omdurman), were examined first to determine the existence of formalin by adding sulfuric acid (98%) in the presence of ferric chloride, that because the sulfuric acid was Pure. In the first group all samples were free from formalin (the violet or blue ring didn’t appear), and about antibiotics all samples which were brought from Khartoum North and Omdurman were free, but one sample of the four samples taken from Khartoum was not. The second group (9 samples), three samples from each province (Khartoum, Khartoum north, Omdurman), were examined just to determine presence of antibiotic by using Biological methods three samples of this group contained antibiotic. Detection of antibiotics & formalin In milk خلاصة الكشف عن وجود مضادات حيوية وفورملين في اللبن تم فحص 12 عينة حليب خام )جميعها من لبن الأبقار(, جمعت بصورة عشوائية من ولاية الخرطوم, من الباعة الدتجولين بالحليب خلال النهار وذلك للكشف عن وجود مضادات حيوية وفورملين فيها, قسمت العينات إلى مجموعتين تم فحص المجموعة الأولى ) 21 عينة( أربع عينات من كل محافظة ) الخرطوم, بحري, أمدرمان(, لتحديد وجود الفورملين وذلك بإضافة حمض الكبريتيك (98%) في وجود كلوريد الحديديك وذلك نسبة لنقاوة الحمض. لم تظهر الحلقة البنفسجية أو الزرقاء مما دل على عدم وجود الفورملين في جميع العينات, أما بالنسبة لوجود مضادات حيوية فقد ظهر في عينة واحدة من الأربع عينات المحض ره من الخرطوم. بالنسبة للمجموعة الثانية ) 9 عينات( ثلاث عينات من كل محافظة ) الخرطوم, بحري, أمدرمان(, والتي خضعت للإختبارات الديكروبيولوجية, فقد ظهر وجود مضادات حيوية في جميع العينات المحضرة من الخرطوم.
River-Groundwater Interactions Using Isotopcsand Hydrochemical Techniques Lower Atbara Area
(Neelain University, 2002) Hager Mohamed Ahmed M. Omer
Abstract The Purpose of this_study is to assess the interactions between surface water and groundwater by using tsotopical and hydrochemical techniques. The ﬁeldwork was carried out during two missions to the study area, in July 2000(wet season), and May 2001 (dry season), 38,33 samples of groundwater was collected in July 2000, and May 2001 respectively, for chemical and isotopical analysis (tritium measurements) in Groundwater and Wadis Directorate, also 12,8 of these samples were analyzed for deuterium and oxygen-l8 in Egypt (Atomic Energy Agency Lab.) The study area lies along River Atbara in the Nahr El Neil State. The area forms an elongated ship extending NW-SE, is generally bounded by latitudes 16° 39' 31" and 17° 45' O0" North and longitudes 33° 05' 51" and 33° ll’ 18" East, covering an area of approximately 2, 000,00 Km2. Geological setting Are Superﬁcial deposits, I-Iudi Chert, Urn Ruwaba Formation, Nubian Sandstone Formations, and Basement Complex Soils types are . Soils Of River Atbara Flood Plain . Soils Of The Nubian Sandstone Erosional Plain . Flat Sandy plain Soils Mobile Sand Dunes Soils 5. Interdunal plain of The Butana :F~L»JI\]r—¢ An average total annual rainfall of under 75mm, most of which is experienced in August and September, characterizes the area. The climate is therefore of semi desert type in which rainfall is negligible; its amount and duration depend on the direction and speed of prevailing winds as well as on the temperature levels. The area is also well known as being one of the highest in all Sudan in the intensity of Haboobs (dust stonns), which reflect the dryness of the area, its lack of vegetation cover and the disintegrated nature of its soil. The population According to 1993 national census the total population inhabiting the study area amounts to 169,520 persons. The Traditional Economy Are Handicrafts, Fishing, Floating Wood Collection, and Animal Herding. Agriculture types Four types of cultivation were known in the area and these were Gerf, Karu, Magat, and Atmur Chemical features of groundwater are Na-HCO;=50% Mg-HCO;=39.4% Ca-HCO;=7.9% Na-CL=2.6% In July 2000 most of the samples were of bicarbonate water types, but differ in their cation contents, Ca+Mg and Na, and few of chloride sulfate water were observed. In May 2001 most dominant water type was the Ca+Mg bicarbonate and NaHCO3. No sulfate and chloride water were observed. Total Dissolved Solids Are In July 2000 the majority of groundwater samples are fresh water, except 4 samples are brackish>l00Omg/l (WHO). While in May all samples are fresh water180 mg/L (WHO, CH. Lab. Bella, 1992). Sulfate The concentration of sulfate in July is higher than May due to recharge shows the seasonal variation of sulfate in the study area. In May 100% of samples <250 mg/l (WHO, 1984), while in July only one sample (Abu Amar) is >250(WHO, 1984). Chloride - - In July 2000 groundwater was classiﬁed into two groups according to (WHO, 1984), ~2~ Group IQSO mg/l, _ '1' Group Il include (AlOmarab, and El-Hudi)>25O mg/l, But in May only one group, 250mg/l.