كلية النفط والمعادن
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Item Interpretation Of Gravity And REmote Sensing Data For Improved Geological mapping North Of Port Sudan Area - Red Sea Region -sudan(AL-Neelain University, 2012) Mohammed Salah Ahmed El emamThe study area lies in NE Sudan and is situated in the Red Sea State It is bounded by latitudes (20° 19' 35.1" _ 21° 34' 20.5" N) and longitudes (36° 53' 37.92" _ 37° 12' 47" E). It cover approximately 3539 sq km, almost The whole area covered by Mohammed Qol and Dungunab (l:250.000) toposheets of the Sudan Smvey Department. Difierent digital image processing techniques have been applied to Landsat ETM+ image in order to increase the discrimination between various lithological units. Image sharpening was performed to enhance the spatial resolution of the image for more detailed information. Contrast stretching was applied, after the various digital processing procedures to produce more interpretable images. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) transfomiation yield saturated images and resulted in more interpretable image than the original data. Several ratio images were prepared, combined together and displayed in RGB color composite ratios images. All the images, obtained through the above mentioned processes, have used simultaneously to produce the geological map of the study area in the GIS environment. Gravity point data obtained by diiferent oil companies was used in the present study. Polynomial fitting was used in order to separate the regional from the residual component of the gravity. The first and second vertical derivatives and the first horizontal derivative were computed in order to study the presence of faults. Moreover, three profiles were constructed across the residual gravity map in an approximately NS, NE- SW and NW-SE directions cutting the most prominent anomalies in the area. The outcome of the present study is the modeling of the subsurface geology of the study area based on the residual gravity map and the above- mentioned three profiles.Item Integration of Geoinformation Data for Geological Mapping and Mineral Prospecting Around Umm Merafib Area, SE Nuba Mountains, Sudan(Al-Neelain University, 2020) Safa Makawy Abd Al Rahman AhmedABSTRACT This study was carried-out in thearound Umm Merafib village, which is located adjacent toAbu Gubeiha town in the southeastern sector of Nuba Mountains. Administratively, the area is a part of the Sudan’s South Kordofan State. Geographically, it is bounded by longitudes 30° 56` - 31° 12` E, and latitudes 11° 20` - 11° 08` N. The dissertation aimed to create a50K scale- geological map and mineral prospecting by integrating multi-Satellite data with a few previous data in various remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) investigations. Geological mapping executed by utilizing digital image processing techniques on an integrated multispectral Landsat 8 OLI and PlanetScope data. The pre-processing operations on the multispectral data initiated by atmospheric correction using FLAASH algorithms, vegetation suppression and fusion with PlanetScope semi- high-spatial resolution (3-m) data by Gram Schmidt algorithm. Various Digital Image Processing (DIP) algorithms were applied on the fused multispectral data of Landsat 8 OLI/PlanetScope data (L8 OLI/PS). The spectral enhancement of various color composite images helps the visual interpretation in geological context. The transformed decorrelation stretching imagesof fused L8 OLI/PS bands set 7, 5 and 2 and set 6, 5 and 4 as R, G & B, in addition to FCC PCA set of PC1, PC2 & PC3 and PC2, PC3& PC4 as R, G & B gave superior results and good lithological discrimination. The DEM imageportrayed the geomorphological and hydrological information. The obtained result reveled that Umm Merafib area consists of crystalline basement complex rocks. The dominant lithological unitsare the low-grade basic metavolcanic subordinated with low grade metasediments of quartzites, graphitic schist and marbles, these units intruded by syn- to late-orogenic granites and overlain by thick superficial deposits. Thecomplex deformational history in the area deciphers from the folding and refolding structures resultedtight and isoclinal chevron folds, which affected later by a regional shearing. Mineral prospecting directed by DIPon multispectral Landsat 8 OLI/PlanetScope and the spectral analysis algorithms applied on the semi- hyperspectral ASTER (AVNIR- SWIR) data. The results of image transformation operations on L8 OLI/PS portrayed the alteration zones- related to mineralization in the area. The alteration zones characterized by distinguishable spectral signatures of iron oxides, hydroxyl- bearing minerals, carbonates and quartz feldspars minerals. The first transformation is the band ratioing transformed FCC of Sabins’ image (bands 6/7, bands 4/2 and bands 4/6 in the R G B, respectively). While the second is the Feature Oriented Principal Selection (FPCS) transformation yield Crosta’s FCC image. Both operations successfully depict the alteration zones, whereas the supervised classification on both images used to delineate alteration zones. The produced zones have been spatially analyzed in the GIS framework, where intersected zones from both images obtained the high probabilities. The Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classifier was applied on the ASTER (AVNIR- SWIR)data to map the alteration minerals by their distinguishable spectral signatures. Spectacular zonation of alteration minerals has been produced by SAM classifier, which are zoned around regional chevron folds pattern. The obtained alteration zones both from Landsat 8 and ASTER data have been found to be agree with the assay results obtained from the available soil samples. The SAM classifier on ASTER image was found to be vital to map the alteration minerals and their zones as well as to define the structural pattern burred under the thick clayey soil cover. الخلاصة تمتالدراسهفي منطقةأم مرافعيب الواقعه بالقرب من قرية أبو جبيهة فىجنوب شرق جبال النوبةفي جنوب وسط السودان. إدارياً تتبع هذه المنطقة الي ولايةجنوب كردفان ، أما من الناحية الجغرافية تنحصرالمنطقةبينخطيطول30° 56` - 31° 12` شرقاًوخطي عرض11° 20` - 11° 08` N شمالاً.تهدف هذه الدراسة الي إنتاجخارطةجيولوجيةبمقياسرسم 1:50 000 (50K)بالإضافة اليالإستكشافالمعدنيبإستخدام تكاملي للعديد من بيانات الأقمار الصناعية عبرتطبيقات الاستشعارعن بعدونظامالمعلوماتالجغرافيةوقليل من البيانات السابقة. إعتمد التخريط الجيولوجي علي إستخدام تقنيات معالجة الصور الرقمية علي البيانات الرقمية للقمر الصناعي لاندسات 8 المدموجة بالقمر الصناعي بلانت سكوب. طبقتتقنياتوعمليات ما قبل معالجةالصورالرقميةالمختلفةعلىالبيانات المتعددةالأطيافبدأًبالمعالجة الراديومترية وتقليل تأثير الغلاف الجوي بأستخدام تطبيق فلاش(FLAASH) ثم تحييد تأثير الغطاء النباتي ومن ثم تم دمج معطيات القمر الصناعي لاندسات 8 مع معطيات القمر بلانت سكوب ذوي الإيضاحية الحيزية 30 مترو 3 متر علي التوالي وذلك عن طريق إستخدام خورازمية جرام شميدت. ساعدت عمليات التحسين الطيفي لمنتوج الصورالملونة المختلفة في التفسير الجيولوجي النظري ممثلة فل التعرف علي السحنات الصخرية والظواهر التركيبية. ووجد أن عملياتتحويلالصورمنخلالتقنيات المد اللاترابطي (Decorrelation Stretching) لصورلاندسات المدمجة مع بلانت للحزم الطيفيةمن صورطقم (7، 5،و2) و(6،5و4) وأيضاً الصور الكاذبة للموجھاتالاساسيةالموجه (PCA) الناتجة من الحزم السبع ممثلة في صورطقم (PC1, PC2 & PC3)وصور طقم(PC2, PC3 & PC4)ھيالتقنياتذات الأفضلية في التخريطالجيولوجي، حيث ميزتالانواعالمختلفةللصخورافضلمنغيرھامنالصور.كذلك إستخدمت بياناتالاقمار الصناعيهللارتفاعاتلايجادالارتفاعاتفىالمنطقة وإعطاء البعد الجيوموروفولوجي ومن ثمإستخراج العناصرالهايدروجيولوجية للمنطقة. أظهرت الدراسة أن منطقة أم مرافعيب تتكون من صخور لمعقد الأساس. تتكون من صخور في الرتب الدنيا أغلبها الصخورالبركانية القاعدية المتحولة وتليها صخور الرسوبية المتحولة ممثلة في صخور الكوارتزايت، الشيست الجرافيتي والرخام. وتداخلت في هذه الصخور متداخلات جرانتية متلازمة ومتأخرة النشاءة. وتغطي هذه الصخور القديمة برسوبيات سطحية حديثة أغلبها غرينية نهرية وهوائية . تاريخ التشوهات المعقد في المنطقة يظهر جلياً في عمليات الطي وأعادة الطي في الصخور مشكلة الطيات الضيقة في شكل شيفرون والتي تأثرت لاحقا بنطاق قصإقليمي.. كذلك تمتمعالجة الصور الرقميةمعبياناتالقمرالصناعى لاندسات لتحديد مناطق التمعدنات وذلك عن طريق كشف المؤشراتفيمناطق التحللات والتغييرات فىالمنطقةالمرتبطةبالتمعدنات من خلال أكاسيد الحديد والمعادن الطينية والمعادن الكربونية والفلسبار. إجريت تقنيات تحويل الصورعن طريق قسمة (نسب(الحزموالظواھرالاساسيةالموجة (FPCS)لإنتاجصورتان ذاتتلوينكاذب هما صورتي سابينزوكروستا،علىالتوالي. تم إستخدامھذهالصورللكشفعنوجودالمعادنالمتعلقةبالتمعدنفي المنطقة. وأعقب ذلكتنفيذتصنيفمراقبعلىالصورتينلتعيينالمكوناتالصخرية المختلفة ومناطق التحللات التغييرات.أعقب ذلكالتحليلالحيزي لنتائج التصنيف المرقب للصورتين وذلك لتحديدالمواقع الأكثراحتمالالتواجد الھالاتالمتعلقةبالتمعدنات في المنطقة. إجري المصنف الطيفي سام ( مصنف زويا الطيف) ((SAM لمطابقةالبصمات الطيفيةللمؤشراتللمعادنمعأطيافمماثلمنللمكتبةالطيفية المرجعيةلأستر،أعطي مصنف يام نتائج جيدة في رسم معادن مناطق التمعدنات والتي ظهرات في نطاقية ممائلة لشكل طية شيفرون الموجودة في المنطقة. وجد أن النطاقية لهالات التمعدنات و نطافية معادن التحلل والمتحصل عليه بواسطة صور القمر لاندسات واستر أنها متوافقة حيزياً مع نتائج التحاليل الكيميائية المأخوذة من عينات التربة. كشفتنتائجهذهالدراسةبواسطةالتنقيبعنھالاتالمعادنالمتحصلعليھامنالتحليلالطيفي لبياناتالقمرالصناعيأسترھىأفضلمنتلكالتيتمالحصولعليھامنبياناتالقمرالصناعيلاندساتكمالديه القدرةالجيدةفىتمييزبصماتطيفيةللمعادنالمؤشرهلھالاتالتغييرالمحتملةالمتعلقةبمناطقالتمعدنات.Item Using Remote Sensing Investigation, GIS Application and Geostatistics Analysis for Geological Mapping and Mineral Prospecting around Shulai Area, Red Sea State, Sudan.(Al-Neelain University, 2020-09) Hassan Khogali ElameenAbstract This study was carried out in the northeastern part of Block 11, Ariab mining company (AMC) concession, western part of Red Sea Hills in the Red Sea State of northeast Sudan. The study area is bounded by latitudes 18⁰59′47.798" - 19⁰24′ 55.378"N and longitudes 36⁰31′16.311"- 36⁰01′ 3.895"E. The study aimed to conduct geological mapping at the scale of 1:100 000 and mineral prospecting using remote sensing and GIS authenticated by field work. The study revealed that the area under consideration consists of a multi-deformed and poly-metamorphosed basement complex terrain, which belongs to the Nubian shield. The oldest rock units of basement complex, consists of basic meta-volcanics and meta-sediments, which were intruded by the syn to late un-orogenic granitic intrusions. The basement complex units are overlain by alluvial, superficial deposits. Different digital image processing techniques were applied on the multispectral data of Landsat 8. The spectral enhancement of various color composite images help the visual interpretation in geological context. Image transformations through decorrelation stretching, principal component transformation (PCA) and Sultan Ratio image are the main techniques adopted for geological mapping. The color composite image of bands 7, 5 and 2 in RGB sharpened with the panchromatic band yielded an overall good lithologic discrimination than other images. Moreover, interpolation of the elements in stream samples has been taken place to see the distribution of these elements in the study area which help to identify the different geological units. The production of Geological map of Shulai area was based on Landsat 8 images processing, stream samples data and interpretation with limited field survey, The SRTM raster data was used for generating the streams. Lineaments has been digitized from PC1 image after doing high-pass spatial filtering. The dominant lineament trends are the N-NW – S-SE (340°) trend, which corresponds to Oko shear zone, the other trend is NE – SW (65°) trend, which corresponds to Nakaseib suture zone. Using Landsat 8 OLI images, band ratioing and the Feature Oriented Principal Components transformations (FOPCT) were applied to produce Sabin, Abram and Crosta colored composite images, respectively. These images are used to detect the presence of alteration zones related to the mineralization in the study area. The ASTER semi hyperspectral data have been treated by two methods, the first is to obtain the mineral indices images that revealed the wide distribution of indicator minerals in the study area as they are found in original rock or detected as alteration zones. The mineral indices images hardly defined alteration zone. The Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classifier of ASTER data gives better results than the Landsat ones in the context of delineating the alteration halos related to mineralization zones. SAM classifier images portrayed at least ten sites as highly probable alteration mineralization zones, in a belt of meta volcano-sedimentary and andesite rock in the south, central and north part of the study area. Also all these alteration zones are controlled by the two major structures in the study area which are Oko shear zone and Nakaseib suture zone. However, this study revealed that the results of mineral prospecting investigations obtained from ASTER data are more superior than those obtained from Landsat 8 OLI data, as the former is characterized by a higher spectral resolution and therefore, has good capability in distinguishing the spectral signatures of the indicator minerals and in the delineation of the alteration halos related to mineralization zones. Spatial analysis techniques have been applied for stream sediment samples, where cluster and outlier analysis and hot spot analysis have been used to verify the alteration zones. In the results of this analysis, gold shows hot spots clustering in the central part of the study area (Ribda and Hashai), south part (Shulai and Ayrite), west part (Bahadna), north west part (Amur) and north east part (Derbuykwan). These areas match well with the alteration zones that have been mapped by using remote sensing techniques. Eventually, 200 rock samples have been taken in the study area from different facies. The majority of the sample give a positive result which indicate that most of the alteration zones contain gold.Item The Geology and Structural Evolution of the Area Around the River Nile Between Atbara and Abidiua, Nile State, Sudan} Remote Sensing, Structural and Geochemical Approaches.(Al Neelain University, 2005-09) Esam Aldeen Ali Mohammed AhmedThe study area covers 8100 Kmz in north central Sudan bounded by Latitudes 17° 50‘- 18° 30‘ N and Longitudes 33° 40‘ and 34° 30‘ E. Different digital image processing techniques applied to enhance the geological and structural details of the study area, using Landsat, Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhance Thematic Mapper (ETM 7). The (ETM+) images show that the southeast trending structural lineaments of the Nakasib Suture Zone (NSZ) continue to the southeastem part of the Bayuda Desert north of Atbara. Geologically, the area is underlain by highly sheared mafic-ultramafic rocks, volcanosedimentary sequences and supracrustal metasediments. All of the units are invaded by calc-alkaline and post to anorogenic intrusions. The mafic-ultramafic masses have all the features characteristic of ophiolite suits including layered cumulate, sheeted dolerite dykes, pillow lavas section and associated deep marine sediments, but are dismembered and recrystallized. The pillow’ lava sections have typical mid-oceanic ridge basalt geochemical signature as indicated by discriminate diagrams. The ophiolitic massifs identified in this work have been grouped into three complexes, namely Sotrebab, Qurun and El-Fadlab complexes forming discontinues NE-SW trending belt that merges with the ophiolitic fragments along the Nakasib Suture Zone. Therefore, these complexes may represent the southwestem continuation of the Nakasib Suture Zone. The volcanosedimentary sequence is comprised of turbidities besides massive volcanic flows which have been recrystallized_in the condition of the greenschist facies of regional metamorphism. They have predominantly tholeiitic to mild calc- alkaline geochemical affinity, thus suggesting subduction related geotectonic setting.