كلية النفط والمعادن
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Item REMOTE SENSING AND GIS INVESTIGATIONS FOR GEOLOGICAL MAPPING AND MINERAL PROSPECTING, HAIYA- TOHAMIYAM AREA, RED SEA HILLS, NE SUDAN(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2011) Adam Alsaid Blila MohammedABSTRACT Remote Sensing and GIS investigations were carried out in the area around Haiya- Tohamiyam town in the Red Sea Hills, NE Sudan. The study aimed to update the geological map at scale of 50K and mineral prospecting for the alteration zones-related to mineralizations. The optical multispectral Landsat 8 OLI fused with Sentinel 2 data, beside the VNIR_SWIR ASTER semi hyperspectral and SRTM elevation data are the main utilized remotely sensed data. The study area is a part of Haiya terrane (HT) of the late Proterozoic Arabian- Nubian Shield (ANS). The Haiya terrane consists predominantly of arc- back arc low-grade metavolcanosedimentary sequences decorated with dismembered ophiolitic rocks and intruded by granitoids intrusions of different age. The image transformations of the fused Landsat 8 OLI data are the main digital image processing operations. The Decorrelation Stretching of triple sets (bands 7, 5 and 2 in R, G & B) and (bands 6, 5 and 4 in R, G & B) are superior than the normal Linear Stretching (LS) and Saturation Stretching (SS) results of the same triple sets in the visual interpretation in geological context. In addition, the Principal Component Transformation Analysis (PCA) gave good results in the triple sets FCC images (PC1, PC2 & PC3 in R, G & B) and (PC1, PC2 & PC4 in R, G & B). DIP’s resultant images yielded an overall good lithological discrimination for various units and structural manifestations. The SRTM - DEM elevation data provides geomorphological and hydrological information. The updated geological map (50K scale map) revealed that the study area consists of highly-deformed crystalline basement of low- grade metavolcanosedimentary sequences, predominantly basic, acidic –intermediate metavolcanics, banded amphibolites, interbedded carbonates and other metasediments, which intruded by syn- to late-orogenic granites and cut by post-orogenic granites. The Recent and Quaternary Superficial aeolian and alluvial deposits cover partially the underlain basement rocks as sand dunes and Wadi deposits. The band ratios FCC images of Sabins’ (6/7, 4/6 and 4/2 in R, G & B), and Abram’s (6/7-6/5-4/2 in R, G & B), delineate the alteration zones in the study area. The obtained results authenticated by the Feature Oriented Principal Components (FOPCT) results of the two sets for F- and H- images. The FCC image known as Crosta’s alteration zones image (F-image, {F + H image}, H-image in the R, G and B respectively). The image transformations revealed that the alteration zones are associated with the basic metavolcanics and exo-endo contacts of the post orogenic granites with other metavolcanics. The ASTER semi hyperspectral data have been treated with Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering (MTMF) classifier. The MTMF classifier matches the spectral signatures of the indicator minerals with similar spectra from the ASTER–USGS spectral library. MTMF classifier images portrayed at least many sites as highly probable alteration mineralization zones in the NE part of the study are, which conformable with results obtained from Landsat 8 OLI data. This study revealed that the results of mineral prospecting investigations obtained from ASTER data are more superior than those obtained from Landsat data, have good capability in distinguishing the spectral signatures of the indicator minerals and in the delineation the alteration halos related to mineralization zones. الخلاصة أجريت دراسات الإستشعار عن بعد ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية في منطقة هيا - تهاميم بجبال البحر الأحمر في شمال شرق السودان. تهدف الدراسة الي تطوير الخارطة الجولوجية الي مقياس رسم 1: 50000 وإجراء التنقيب المعدني بدلالات هالات التحلل المصاحبة الي التمعدنات. إستخدمت في هذه الدراسة المرئيات المتعددة الأطياف للأقمار الإصطناعية لاندسات 8 ووسنتينل 2 بالإضافة الي بيانات أستر ومعلومات الإرتفاعات الرقمية SRTM DEM elevation data. تقع منطقة الدراسة في كتلة هيا من ضمن الدرع العربي النوبي وتتكون من صخور معقد الأساس التي تتكون من صخور قوسية وخلف قوسية للبركانيات والرسوبيات المتحولة في درجة التحول المنخفضة وتتزين بصخور الأفيولايت في مناطق الدروز والتي تتداخات فيها صخور الجرانيت المختلفة الأعمار. تمت معالجة الصور الرقمية للمرئيات المتعددة الأطياف لاندسات 8 المدمجة بمعطيات سنتينل 2، وكانت تقنية تحور الصور هي التقنيات المطبقة. وأظهرت تقنية المط الغير مرتبط Decorrelation Stretching بأنها أفضل في التفسير النظري للتطبيقات الجيولوجية وظهر ذلك جلياً في الصور الملونة الكاذبة من طقم الحزم 7، 5 و2 وطقم 6، 5 و4 من النتائج المماثلة لنفس الطقم بإستخدام تقنية المط الخطي Linear Stretching والمط التشبعي Saturation Stretching . كما أبان تحليل الركبات الأساسية بإعطاء نتائج جيدة وذلك من خلال الصور الملونة الكاذبة المكونة من الطقم (PC1, PC2 & PC3) والطقم (PC1, PC2 & PC4) . نتائج معالجات الصور الرقمية صور طيفية متباينة أتاحت التفريق الصخري وتحديد العتاصر التركيبية الرئيسية في منطقة الدراسة، دعمت النتائج بيانات الإرتفاعات الرقمية التي أعطت المزيد من المعلومات الجيومورفولوجية والهايدرولوجية. تم تطوير الخارطة الجيولوجية للمنطقة في مقياس رسم 1:50000 والتي أبانت أن منطقة الدراسة تتكون من صخورمعقد الأساس متعدد التشوهات وأغلبها هي صخور الرتبة المنخفضة من تسلسلات البركانيات المتحولة القاعدية وتلك الحمضية والمتوسطة والإمفيبولايت الخطي، مع تواجد طبقات الرسوبيات المتحولة وصخور الرخام. تتداخلت في هذه التسلسلات صخور المتوافقة للجرانيت المتلازم والمتأخر النشأة وبعدها تتداخلت صخور الغير متوفقة للجرانيت الحديث. تغطي هذه الصخور برسوبيات الرباعية والحديثة من الكثبان الرملية ورسوبيات الوديان. استخدمت طرق تحور الصور لتحديد نطاقات وهالات التحلل المصاحبة للتمعدنات، وتم إستخدان تقنية قسمة الحزم الطيفية لإنشاء صور ملونة كاذبة ، وأظهرت الصور الملونة الكاذبة المسماة بأسم سابين (Sabins ) المتكونة من قسمة الحزم الطيفية ’ (6/7, 4/6 and 4/2 in R, G & B), and Abram’s وتلك المعروفة بأسم إبرام ( Abram) و المتكونة من قسمة الحزم الطيفية (6/7-6/5-4/2 in R, G & B)بأنها جيدة في تحديد وترسيم هالات التحلل الطيفي المصاحب لنطاقات تحلل التمعدنات. دعمت هذه النتائج بإستخدام تقنية تحلل المكونات الأساسية الإنتقائية الموجهة Feature Oriented Principal Components (FOPCT) والتي تعطي صور تعرف بصور أكاسيد الحديد وأخري صور المعادن الطينية ( F- and H- images ) والتي تدمج لنعطي ما يسمي صورة كروستا الملونة الكاذبة ( Crosta’s alteration zones image) لتحديد هالات التحلل المصاحب للتمعدنات والتي تتكون من الحزم (F-image, {F + H image}, H-image in the R, G and B). أظهرت هذه التقنيات بأن هالات التحلل مصاحبة للصخور البركانية القاعدية المتحولة والنطاقات الداخلية-الخارجية للمتداخلات الجرانيتيى الحديثة. أستخدمت طريقة التصنيف (MTMF) لبيانات القمر الإصطناعي أستر ASTER في الجزء الشمالي الشرقي من منطقة الدراسة. وتم تطابق المنحيات الطيفية طريقة التصنيف (MTMF) لمعطيات القمر أستر بالبصمات الطيفية للمعادن المؤشرة في المكتبة الطيفية لهيئة الأبحاث الجيولوجية الأمريكية. أظهر مصنف MTMF مناطق تمعدن محتملة وقد كانت متوافقة مع النتائج المستجلبة من نتائج تحليل الصور للقمر الإصطناعي لاندسات 8. أظهرت هذه الدراسة أن نتائج تحقيقات التنقيب عن المعادن التي تم الحصول عليها من بيانات ASTER أعلى من تلك التي تم الحصول عليها من بيانات Landsat ، حيث تتميز الأولى بدقة طيفية أعلى ومن ثم فهي تتمتع بقدرة جيدة على التمييز بين البصمات الطيفية لمعادن المؤشر. وفي الترسيم هالات التغيير المتعلقة بمناطق التمعدن.Item Resistivity and Self-Potential InvestigationsOfSubsurface Water Seepage PhenomenonAt Omdurman(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2002-08) Mohsin Ali Elhag FahalABSTRACT The Omdurman subsurface water seepage problem constitutes a serious phenomenon at present because of the high- density population and lavish use of water. The Omdurman region is covered by rather flat Cretaceous Nubian sandstones with gentle centripetal dips that hinder the outflow of the groundwater into the River Nile. The sandstone bands are intercalated with mudstone layers or lenses, and injected by Tertiary basalts along the bedding planes. Both rock types are impervious and retard the inliltration of the surface water, hence over-flooding. Plastic clay soil (Banat east, Al- Abassia and AL-Ahlya square) when present may also hamper vertical water seepage, cause swelling potential and consequent damage. Geophysical investigations applying resistivity and selt potential (SP) methods are conducted to reveal the occurrence and distribution of the impervious layers underneath, and to detect the location and characteristic features of the subsurface streamlines. The results obtained indicate the presence of significant almost horizontal bands and lenticular bodies of mudstone intercalated with the sandstones of the Nubian formation. Some of these bands are situated close to the land surface e.g. at Bait- Almal, Al-Mulazmean, A1-Busta, Banat east and Al-Arda l districts. These layers have been successfully delineated by the electrical resistivity method. Geo-electrical sections and maps were constructed to show their locations, thicknesses, attitudes and inclinations. The mudstone layers being impervious prevent water infiltration from natural and artificial sources and can therefore, create temporary perched aquifers located at the interface between the superficial deposits and the top very layer or lens of the mudstones. From these aquifers water is expected to rise up and seep into the surface land and cause damage. Negative SP anomalies show the occurrence and variable intensities of the subsurface streamlines. The distribution of the SP contour lines indicate the haphazard orientation of water flow, hence, the phenomenon appears to be of local nature. 2Item ON the unification of physical fields(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2008) ahmed hasan kathem meftahAbstract The most appropriate space for symmetry is the space of fiber bundle . The gauge group is symmetry group . The connection of fiber bundle represents the physical potential and the curvature manifests the field . It is for this reason that the theory of fiber bundles is extensively utilized in the study of gauge fields . In this research we consider the problem of unification of physical fields via the theory of fiber bundles . We treat gravitational field and the superimposed charges . We also treat the Euler — Lagrange equations in their global forms which are independent of coordinates . With the help of the bundle metric , the Euler — Lagrange equations of the unified field is obtained . Our main work and contribution concentrates on the interpretation of a charged particle as a geodesic in the fiber bundle where the projection is the usual path of the particle in Minkowski space . VItem Palynological and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Late Cretaceous to Tertiary strata of the Melut Basin (southeast Sudan)(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2007) Ali Ahmed Mohamed Eisawim ABSTRACT A Late Cretaceous to Tertiary non-marine sequence of the Melut Rifi Basin in the southeastem Sudan was palynologically investigated. The recovered palynomorphs are overwhelmingly of terrestrial origin; few specimens of brackish water dinoflagellates and scolecodonts were encountered within the Lower Miocene and Oligocene/Miocene assemblages. The recovered palynomorphs are generally well preserved and fairly diversified. Based on the stratigraphic distribution of ninety-five selected spores and pollen species, compiled from three wells in the northem Melut Basin, eight palynozones covering the Campanian through the Neogene have been proposed. The identified zones are designated as Assemblage Zone I through VIII in stratigraphically ascending order as follows: Assemblage Zone I (Campanian), Assemblage Zone II (Campanian/Maastrichtian), Assemblage Zone III (Maastrichtian), Assemblage Zone IV (Mid-Late Paleocene), Assemblage Zone V (Early-Mid Eocene), Assemblage Zone VI (Oligocene/Miocene), Assemblage Zone VII (Early Miocene) and Assemblage Zone VIII (Late Miocene/ Pliocene). Out of more than 150 palynomorphs identified in the present investigation, only 25% of the species are Late Cretaceous elements, the remaining are Cenozoic material. In the Cenozoic assemblage, angiosperm pollen are most diverse, but pteridophytic spores and freshwater algae are most abundant. The angiosperm pollen are represented, among others, by Striatopollis, Bambacacidites, Retitricolpites, Retitrescolpites, Psilarriporites, Peregrinipollis, Pachydermites and Graminidires. The fem spores are represented by genera such as Deltoidospora, Cyathidires, Polypodiaceoisporites, Pteridacidiles, and Verrucatosporites, which represent the most abundant component of the Paleogene/Neogene palynomorph assemblages. Late Cretaceous angiosperm pollen are represented by Fuveotricolpites cf. giganleus, Cristaecolpites echinaceus, Monocolpopolleniles spheroidires, Auriculiidiles reticulatus, Syncolporites schrankii, as well as several pollen attributed to the Palmae and Proteaceae. Aquatic fern spores such as Gabonisporis vigourouxii and Ariadnaesporites spinosus and the hepatic spore Zlivisporis blanensis are present in the Campanian-Maastrichtian assemblages but disappear from the record in the Cenozoic assemblages.iv The coexistence of abundant structured organic palynodebris with the spores of aquatic ferns of the families Salviniaceae and Marsiliaceae observed within the Late Cretaceous sediments suggests swampy conditions within a predominantly fluvial setting. Frequent occurrence of pollen grains assigned to the Palmae group indicates the prevalence of warm, humid conditions during the Late Cretaceous, although seasonal aridity might be suggested due to the presence of Ephedripites spp. recorded from the Campanian and Campanian/Maastrichtian of well AY-3. Late Paleogene and Neogene assemblages are characterized by abundant amorphous organic matter, freshwater algae, appreciable amounts of fem spores and Gramineae pollen. Deposition in aquatic habitats such as fluvial plain and coastal swamps under warm-humid conditions is inferred. The occurrence of Gramineae pollen points towards the development of grassy areas under generally dry climate with marked rainy seasons. A presumably short marine invasion might have taken place during the Oligocene-Miocene, inferred from the rare occurrence of brackish water dinoflagellates and scolecodonts within the assemblage.Item Petrophysical Evaluation and Reservoir Summation of Bentiu Formation —Diffra west Area, Muglad Basin, Sudan(AL-Neelain University, 2016) Omer Eisa Hamid KhalifaThis study represents the petrophysical evaluation of Bentiu Formation- Muglad basin, Diflia west oil field block (4) using well logs. A Sl1CC¢SSfl.11pClJ‘0phySiC3.1 interpretation for any hydrocarbon system still motivates the researchers, to conduct more studies to discover a new productive zones as well as to sustain their continuity productivity. In this study petrophysical evahtation had been done for five wells using Interactive Petrophysics software to detect the petroleum parameters and reservoir characteristics in the study area. Focusing on Bentiu formation Evaluation which is the main reservoir at this part of Muglad basin manually compared with interpretation for all logs have been done to confirm the sofiware results. Many reservoirs in addition of many determination, water cuthad had been determined, which were considered to be negatively aflection on the fixture production rates. The solution of this reduction impact was aheady proposed. Comprehensive results were achieved atter calculating the amount and distribution of shale throw all the layers of Bentiu Formation using single curve method determination, the average porosity of Bentiu Formation about 15%, and average water saturation had also been determined by 62% these values were considered to be very compatible with the characteristics of the reservoirs but some diiferent cases had been noted, such as high water cut in Difiial about (93%) and in Difliai about (94%).Item A 3D Geological Reservoir Evaluation of Lower Aradeiba Formation in Hamra East Field, Muglad Basin - Sudan(Al-Neelain University, 2019) Bushar Omer Mahmoud BusharAbstract A 3D reservoir modelling study was carried out in Hamra East oil field, which located in block 2B, Muglad Basin, Sudan. The aims of this study is to integrate all available data to build a representative and predictive 3D geological model for lower Aradeiba sand reservoir in order to capture heterogeneities that significantly impact the flow of fluids and estimate the oil in place. A 3D geological model was built up using Petrel software for all of the reservoirs that incorporating all geophysical, geological and petrophysical data. Variogram based techniques were used in the properties distribution. All fourteen available wells have been correlated and two sub-layers have been divided vertically based on the stratigraphic characteristics from large scale to small scale across the field. All fault surfaces coincide with the interpreted fault polygons. Horizon surfaces, which have been generated are matched very well with the seismic surfaces and well tops. The porosity distribution was constrain to facies distribution in order to follow the geology. 3D saturation distribution from J function match well with logs saturation. Two productive sand reservoirs identified within lower part of Aradeiba formation divided in to D and D1 which is laterally continuous and appear in most of wells with good properties. The faceis analysis concluded that the Aradeiba Lower shales/sandstones formations are representing the characteristics of a lacustrine depositional environment with fluvial-deltaic channels. The source rock of the sediment is situated in northeastern of basin margin. The study was analyzed and identified the parameters that have largest effect on the reserve calculation and estimate the reserve in Aradeiba D and D1. الخلاصة أجريت دراسة نمذجة جيولوجية لتمثيل الخزان في الابعاد الثلاثة لحقل حمرة الشرقي للنفط ، والذي يقع في مربع 2 ب، حوض المجلد، السودان. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى دمج جميع البيانات المتاحة لبناء نموذج جيولوجي ثلاثي الأبعاد تمثيلي وتنبئي لخزان الرمل الموجود فى الجزء السفلى لمتكون عرديبة من أجل التقاط التجانس الذي يؤثر بشكل كبير في تدفق السوائل و من ثم تقدير الاحتياطي.. تم بناء النموذج الجيولوجي ثلاثي الأبعاد باستخدام برنامج بتريل Petrel هومن ضمن البرامج المستخدمة فى بناء النماذج الجيولوجية للخزانات. حيث تم ادخال المعلومات الجيوفيزيائية والجيولوجية والبتروفيزيائية المتاحة وتوزيعها وذلك باستخدام تقنية الفايروجرام Variogram في توزيع الخصائص. تم ربط ومضاهاة جميع الآبار الأربعة عشر المتاحة ، وتم تقسيم الخزان الى طبقتين رأسياً على أساس الخصائص الطبقية. حيث تمت مطابقة الصدوع و الطبقات المفسرة جيوفيزيائي مع تلك التي تم إنشاؤها فى النظام الثلاثى ، كما وزعت المسامية مقرونة بتوزيع السحنات من أجل متابعة الجيولوجيا. وتم حساب تشبع الهيدروكاربون فى النموذج ومقارنته بالتشبع المحسوب من تسجيلات الابار حيث كان مطابقا. تم تحديد خزانين رملين منتجين في الجزء السفلي من تكوين عرديبة مقسمان إلى D و D1 وهما متواصلان بشكل جانبي ويظهران في معظم الآبار و ذات خصائص جيدة. وخلص تحليل السحنات إلى أن التكوينات الصخرية الغرينية/ الرملية السفلية لمتكون عرديبة تمثل خصائص بيئية ترسب لبحيرات مع قنوات دلتا. مصدر هذه الرواسب يقع فى الاتجاه الشمال الشرقى للحوض. كما حددت الدراسة اكثر العوامل تاثيرا فى حساب الاحتياطى مع تقدير الاحتياطي في هذه التكاوين. وبناءا على هذه التحاليل اوصت الدراسة بزيادة المعلومات التى استخدمت فى هذه الدراسة والتاكد من مدى جودتها وملائمتها وذلك من اجل الحصول على نتائج افضل.Item Geotechnical properties and models of soils in the Eastern Nile of Khartoum state.(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2011) Mohammed Abdalwahab Mohammed AbualgasimIntroduction 1.1 General: Khartoum, the capital of the Sudan, is located at the confluence of the Blue and White Niles. (Fig.1.l). This research includes detailed applied geological data for foundation design. It aims to achieve the evaluation of soil characteristics of both surface strata and sub surface of the target area. 1.2 The Scope and Objectives of the Study: This study aims to achieve the following: -Recognition due to expansive potential of soil. ' -Safety measures have been weighted to avoid expansive potential damage. -This research invited the vast structure development and problem association with buildings, houses, and roads as cracks and damage. 1.3 Location and Accessibility: The study area is bounded by Lats 15° 30’ and 15° 45’ N and Longs 32° 30’ and 32° 45’ E, and covers about (800) km2 shows (Fig.1.2, Fig.1.3). The area under study extended aver from the Nile towards the east and from Soba East in the south to Jebal Elsilitate in the north. The study area is accessible through bridges on the Blue Nile and main River Nile and connected with northern and eastem Sudan paved roads.Item Interpretation Of Gravity And REmote Sensing Data For Improved Geological mapping North Of Port Sudan Area - Red Sea Region -sudan(AL-Neelain University, 2012) Mohammed Salah Ahmed El emamThe study area lies in NE Sudan and is situated in the Red Sea State It is bounded by latitudes (20° 19' 35.1" _ 21° 34' 20.5" N) and longitudes (36° 53' 37.92" _ 37° 12' 47" E). It cover approximately 3539 sq km, almost The whole area covered by Mohammed Qol and Dungunab (l:250.000) toposheets of the Sudan Smvey Department. Difierent digital image processing techniques have been applied to Landsat ETM+ image in order to increase the discrimination between various lithological units. Image sharpening was performed to enhance the spatial resolution of the image for more detailed information. Contrast stretching was applied, after the various digital processing procedures to produce more interpretable images. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) transfomiation yield saturated images and resulted in more interpretable image than the original data. Several ratio images were prepared, combined together and displayed in RGB color composite ratios images. All the images, obtained through the above mentioned processes, have used simultaneously to produce the geological map of the study area in the GIS environment. Gravity point data obtained by diiferent oil companies was used in the present study. Polynomial fitting was used in order to separate the regional from the residual component of the gravity. The first and second vertical derivatives and the first horizontal derivative were computed in order to study the presence of faults. Moreover, three profiles were constructed across the residual gravity map in an approximately NS, NE- SW and NW-SE directions cutting the most prominent anomalies in the area. The outcome of the present study is the modeling of the subsurface geology of the study area based on the residual gravity map and the above- mentioned three profiles.Item HYDROCHEMISTRYOF GROUNDWATER IN KHARTOUM STATE CENTRAL SUDAN(ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITY, 2002-02) Hussien Salim AwadAbstract The groundwater chemistry of Khartoum State between longitudes 32° 00'-33° 0O’E and latitudes 15° O0’-16° 00'N was evaluated and assessed using different hydrogeological methods. Groxmdwater in the region occurs in two hydraulically interconnected aquifers. The siliciclastic sediments of the Cretaceous Omdurman Formation form the lower one, and the mostly unconsolidated sediments of the Cretaceous-Tertiary- Quaternary Umm Ruwaba Formation comprise the upper one. The evaluated hydrodynamic properties revealed unconfined conditions in most parts of the aquifers system and partial confinement in some parts, where clayey zones occur. The analysis of flow system indicated a regional flow direction towards the northwest, with a local flow regime towards the east. Preliminary assessment of grormdwater chemistry was investigated by using different statistical technique such as X-Y plots, correlation, cluster, principle components, and factor analyses. The results of analyzing data by these techniques showed negative correlation between the exchangeable ions, Na-Ca and Na-Mg, which means ion exchange process is active. The strong correlations among Na’ and Cl‘ ions, TDS and EC indicate that salinization is related to the increase of concentration of these ions. Dissolution process of evaporitic mineral is suggested by the strong positive correlations between Ca”, Mg” and SO42" Groundwaters were classified by -grouping them‘ into faeies~ For ~the—purpose of -classification, the pattern diagram of Lee, trilinear plots of Hill-Piper, Durov and by Chadha diagram. Three main types of hydrochemical facies were recognized, Ca-Mg-HCO,, Ca-SO,-HCO, and Na-Ca-S04-Cl. The spatial distribution of these facies and hydrochemical sections, indicate that the anionic facies changes in the flow direction from HCO,’ to SO42’ and finely to Cll. The cationic facies is mostly affected by ion-exchange process of calcium and magnesium by sodium. Mixing is an important and active process that has affected the water facies in the region. The saturation state of groundwater showed that, it is saturated with respect to carbonate minerals and undersaturated with respect to CO2 and sulphate. Assessment of groundwater quality at different locations indicated its suitability for all purposes except at few specified localities.Item Earthquake vulnerability assesment for khartoum state using nakamura(Al-Neelain University, 2014) Amain elkhidir mohammed khidier belawilAbstract Earthquake is considered to be one of the most natural hazards affecting human being due to its sudden happening in addition to what finally result out of its occasional happening of human and artificial losses. Various deferent studies and field observations which took place for the site which was physically subjected to destructive earthquake that there is a different cfiect on the degree of influence in spite of the fact of its occurrence on the same site area out of the earthquake, and that there very clear relation between earthquake destructively percentage and the soil natureof same site. Generally the surface layers are normally exposed to vibration by natural forces (storm, sea wave) and artificial forces (human, trafiic, factory). Natural induce tremor of long period (2, 3 sec to 20), called microseismic, artificial force create tremors of shorter period, and is called microtremor. This technique is called Nakamura technique. The study area is located between longitude 430000-480000 casting and 1690000-1760000 northing in Khartoum state, being the capital of Sudan, and it is out of the basic center, for all strategic plans and important development projects in addition to existing and availability of many manufacturing as well as Khartomn refinery. The overall objective of this study is to determine the fundamental frequency, amplification and vulnerability for every measurement points. To enable both civil and architectural engineer to benefit out this study in strategic development project. The results shows two spectral amplitudes for site 2 and 7, on which the first peak is probably associated with the site response characteristics of sediments. The other sites show one peak of the spectral amplitudes which are obvious effects sediments. Specual ratios show different principle peak from 0.3 to 3.9 Hz for all sites. Site east Tebna, west El Sumra , which is located on high fractured granitic rocls, shows deferent values and shape of spectral ratio. A map that reflected the fundamental characteristic of possible side effects in the city.