كلية النفط والمعادن
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Item Water Resources Assessment in the area between Upper Atbara, Setit and Khashm El Girba dams Eastern Sudan(Al-Neelain University, 2020-02) Khalid Elsir Ahmed NaylABSTRACT The study area lies in the eastern Sudan in Kassala and Gedaref states and covering an area of about 3000 Square kilometers. The problem of the study summarized in; the newly constructed Upper Atbara/Setit dams will lead to major changes in the groundwater system in the study area, most of the villages in the study area are suffering from water scarcity for drinking purpose and some villages have problem in the water quality for domestic uses. The overall objective of the study is to explore and investigate the groundwater potentialities in the area. The identification of the dams effect on the groundwater is one of goals in addition to calculated the hydrogeological parameters and to study the hydrogeological condition in the area which is located between Upper Atbara, Setit and Khashm El Girba dams. Geophysical and Hydrogeological methods were applied to explore the groundwater potentialities in the study area. Resistivity method was applied in these investigations, in which (177) Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were conducted. And (64) well logs description have been used to interpret the VES points. Monitoring and well inventory are carried out. Pumping test data for (22) boreholes were used to calculate the aquifer parameters using Jacob's method. The water budget was calculated using method of losses between two gauge stations and calculating the difference between input and output. (45) Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed at Laboratories of Groundwater Research at Kassala, Gedaref and Khartoum states. The geology of the study area can be concluded in the following units; the basement complex, the Cretaceous sedimentary rocks are considered as main aquifer zone in Upstream area, the Cenozoic basaltic rocks, River Atbara sediments which represent the saturation zone in the middle and downstream areas, unconsolidated Karab formation and the Superficial deposits. Three major faults represent the major structural phenomena in the study area were identified. Based on varies in apparent resistivity of various formations and sequences (heterogeneity), the study area was divided into three sectors; Upstream area, Middle area and Downstream area. The geophysical investigations indicated that the depth to the basements rocks varies between (120-250) m in the upstream area, (120-150) m in the middle area and (15-75) m in the downstream area. The thickness of the aquifer varies between varies between (25-50) m in the upstream area, (15-25) m in the middle area and (13-15) m in the downstream area. Hydrogeological investigations indicated that the depth to groundwater levels varies between (3-77) m in the upstream area, (11-31) m in the middle area and (6-12) m in the downstream area. The thickness of the aquifer varies between (25-50) m in the upstream area, (15-25) m in the middle area and (13-15) m in the downstream area. The transmissivity of the aquifer is estimated at 232 \d in the upstream area, 828\d in the middle area and 596\d in the downstream area. The hydraulic conductivity is estimated at 6.6 m/day in the upstream area, 33 m/day in the middle area and 40 m/day in the downstream area. Groundwater flows in the same direction as surface waters of the River Atbara and Setit in NW direction with the hydraulic gradient (I) of 0.005 in average. The observation wells measurements confirmed that the Upper Atbara/Setit dams have a positive effect on the groundwater in the upstream area. And the column of water increasing from 1 to 14 m after the starting to fill the dams’ reservoir, while no observable effects in the middle and downstream areas due to the distance away from the dams in addition to the existence of the basement complex. The River Atbara and Setit in addition to the direct rainfalls represented the main source of recharge of the aquifer in the study area. The annual average discharge of the surface water of River Upper Atbara and Setit at Upper Atbara and Setit dams estimated as 15 \ year and estimated as 11 \ year in the downstream area at Khashm El Girba dam. The quantity of recharge to the groundwater estimated as 2.958. The groundwater storage is estimated at 13.5 The annual reserve of groundwater in the study area calculated as 1.748 cubic meters. In term of water analysis for (45) groundwater sample were collected from the study area, most of TDS values of samples are ranging between 201 to 801 mg/L and fit for human consumption, except nine samples are ranging between 1201 to 2040 mg/ L and unfit for human consumption and attributed to the concentration of the Sodium and Chloride in the basaltic rocks. The majority of the samples (60%) belong to mixed groundwater type, and the rest are; Na-HCO3, Na-Cl and Ca-Mg-HCO3 groundwater types. الخلاصة تقع منطقة الدراسة في ولايتى كســلا والقضارف وتغطى مساحه تقدر بحوالي 3000 كيلومتر مربع. تتلخص مشكلة الدراسة في : سدى نهر عطبرة وسيتيت المشيدة حديثًا ستؤدي إلى تغييرات كبيرة في نظام المياه الجوفية في منطقة الدراسة، تعاني معظم القرى في منطقة الدراسة من شح المياه لأغراض الشرب وبعض القرى تعاني من مشكلة في جودة المياه للاستخدامات المنزلية. الهدف العام من هذه الدراسه الاستكشاف والتحقق من تواجد المياه الجوفية في منطقة الدراسه. كما يعد تحديد أثر السدود على المياه الجوفية احد الاهداف بالإضافة إلى حساب العوامل الهيدروجيولوجية ودراسة الحالة الهيدروجيولوجية في المنطقة الواقعة بين سدى اعالى نهر عطبرة وسيتيت وخزان خشم القربة. استخدمت طرق الهيدروجيولوجيا والجيوفيزياء لاستكشاف تواجد المياه الجوفيه بمنطقة الدراسة تم تطبيق طريقة المقاومة الكهربائية في هذه التحققات حيث تم تنفيذ (177) نقطة جس راسية لتغطى منطقة الدراسة. وقد تم استخدام (64) وصف للتتابع الصخرى للابار لتفسير نقاط الجس الرأسى.تم عمل رصد وحصر للابار واستخدمت بيانات اختبار الضخ لعدد (22) بئر لحساب المعاملات للخزان الجوفى باستخدام طريقة جاكوب. تم جمع (45) عينة مياه جوفيه وتم تحليلها بمعامل ادراة المياه الجوفيه في ولايات كسلا، القضارف والخرطوم. تتلخص جيولوجية منطقة الدراسة في الوحدات التالية: صخور الاساس ، الصخور الرسوبية الطباشيريه والتى تحتوى على الخزان الجوفى الاساسى، صخور الطفح البركانى، رسوبيات نهر عطبرة وهذه الرسوبيات تعتبر النطاق المشبع في المنطقه الوسطى، تكوينات الكرب الغير متماسكه والرسوبيات الحديثة. ثلاثة تصدعات رئيسية تمثل الظاهرة التركيبية الاساسية فى منطقة الدراسة. بناءً على التباين في المقاومة الظاهرية للتكوينات والطبقات المختلفة (عدم التجانس) تم تقسيم منطقة الدراسة إلى ثلاثة قطاعات ؛ منطقة أعلى النهر والمنطقة الوسطى ومنطقة أدنى النهر. اشارت التحققات الجيوفيزيائية الى ان عمق الصخور الاسـاسـيه يتراوح ما بين (120 – 250) مترا في منطقة اعلى النهر، (120- 150) مترا في منطقة وسط النهر، وفى ادنى النهر يتراوح مابين (15- 70) مترا. وسمـك الخـزان الجوفى المشبع بالمياه يتراوح بين (25- 50) مترا في منطقة اعلى النهر،(15- 25) مترا في منطقة وسط النهر، ويتراوح مابين (13- 15) مترا في منطقة ادنى النهر. الدراسات الهيدروجيولوجية اشارت الى ان عمق مستويات المياه الجوفية تتراوح ما بين (3-77) مترا في منطقة اعلى النهر، (11-31) مترا في منطقة وسط النهر، (6-12) مترا فى منطقة ادنى النهر. وسمك الخزان الجوافى يتراوح مابين (25-50) مترا في منطقة أعلى النهر، (15-25) مترا في منطقة وسط النهر، (13-15) مترا في منطقة أدنى النهر. قدرت الناقليــه للخـزان بحـوالى 232 متر مربع / اليوم في منطقة اعلى النهر و 828 متر مربع / اليوم في منطقة وسط النهر وقدرت في منطقة ادنى النهر بحوالى 596 متر مربع/ اليوم. اما الموصلية الهيدروليكية قدرت بحوالى 6,6 متر / اليوم في منطقة اعلى النهر، 33 متر/ اليوم في منطقة وسط النهر وبحوالى 40 متر / اليوم في منطقة ادنى النهر .تدفق المياه الجوفية فى الاتجاة الشمالى الغريى مطابقا للجريان السطحى لنهرى عطبرة وستيت و بمتوسط ميل هيدروليكي يقدر بحوالى 0,005.Item Groundwater Potentialities of the Atbara Valley Khashm Elgirba - Elsasareeb Strip Kassala state, Eastern Sudan.(Neelain University, 2013) Khalid Elsir Ahmed NaylABSTRACT I-Iydrogeological and. geophysical investigations were applied to study the Groundwater Potentialities of the Karab Formation in the study area, and to investigate the geology of the study area which is located from Khashm El Girba dam up to Elsasareeb area downstream at the both sides of the River Atbara. The Study area lies in Eastern Sudan in the Kassala State bounded by latitudes l5.0° and l5.5° N and longitudes of 35.40” and 36° E. The study area is rectangular in shape with a total surface area of approximately 500 kmz. The geology of the study area can be concluded in the following units; the basement complex consists mainly of slates, schist, granitic gneiss, quartzite and pegmatite dylces. Cenozoic Basalts, which is found only at the southern part of the study area. River Atbara sediments consists of conglomerate, silicified sandstones, sands, silt and intercalated layers of clay. These sediments represent the saturation zone in the study area. Unconsolidated Karab formation consists dominantly of clay, sand, gravel and organic material, based on the soil investigations have been carried out. The Superficial deposits consist of clays and sandy clays form the top most confining layer. The major structural phenomena in the study area is the E-W fault near Butana Bridge and some minor faults distributed in the study area controlling the courses of the scattered khors and wadies. The electrical resistivity method was applied, in which 36 VES were carried out. The Vertical electrical soundings were distributed to cover the study area. The geophysical investigations indicated that the depth to the basements rocks varies between 45-80 in, being 4_5m near the river banks and more deep away from the river. The thickness of the aquifer varies between '15-20 m and is controlled by the thickness of the clay cover which lies directly over the aquifer zone. - I-Iydrogeological investigations indicated that the depth to water level varies between ll — 40 m, at about ll m near the river and increasing outside direction from the river. The transmissivity of the aquifer is estimated at l000 to 1500 m2\d. The hydraulic conductivity in the study area ranges between 50 to 75 m/day. The groundwater flow is toward the NW direction with the hydraulic gradient (I) of 0.005 in average. The River Atbara and direct rainfall are the main sources of recharge to the aquifers. The annual average discharge of River Atbara downstream of dam estimated as 12 X 109 m3\ year and the quantity of recharge to the groundwater estimated as 77.7>< 106 m3\ year. The groundwater storage is estimated as 1.45 >< 109 m3 .The annual reserve of groundwater in the study area calculated as 48.7 >< 106 cubic meters.