Browsing by Author "Mutahar Ali Mohammed Al-shami"

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Effects of Different Levels of Alfalfa Leaves Meal With Xylam on Poultry Performance and Cholesterol Content
(Neelain University, 2011) Mutahar Ali Mohammed Al-shami
Abstract Three experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of three different levels (2%, 5% and 7%) of an open air sun-dried alfalfa leavess meal with or without 0.005 Xylam (ALM+X or ALM) on performance of broiler chicks (Hubbard) and layer hens (white Hi-sex) as well as egg quality and cholesterol levels of egg yolk and broiler blood serum. In the ﬁrst experiment: Three hundreds thirty six of one day old broiler chicks fed on seven experimental diets for broiler (starter and ﬁnisher), the ﬁrst diet T1 (control) without ALM and without Xylam, the next three diets T2, T3 and T4 with 2%, 5% or 7%ALM,_respectively, the last three diets T5, T6 and T7 with 2%,5% and 7%ALM+X, respectively. The diets formulated as recommended by NRC, (1994). Each treatment consist of 4 replicates with 12 one day old broiler chicks per replicate. Broiler chicks were randomly distributed to be reared for 6 weeks in the ﬂoor of open- side house. During the 1“ week broilers were fed on pre-starter diets. The results during the starter period (8-28 day old) showed high signiﬁcant differences (p<0.01) between treatments in feed intake, the highest achieved by T7(fed on diet with7% ALM+X), the lowest achieved by T2(fed on diet with2% ALM), there only signiﬁcant differences T7 and T1(control). No signiﬁcant differences between T5, T6 andT7, but signiﬁcant differences between T2, T3 and T4, chicks fed T2 showed the lowest fed intake. The results during the ﬁnisher period (29-42 day old) showed signiﬁcant differences (p<0.05) between treatments in feed intake, the highest achieved by T4. No signiﬁcant differences between T5, T6 and T7. But signiﬁcant differences between T2, T3 and T4. The results at the end of the starter period (28 day old)showed high signiﬁcant differences (p<0.01) between treatments in live body weight, the heaviest achieved by T5 chicks, the lightest achieved by T2 chicks. The results at the end of the ﬁnisher period (42 day old) showed high signiﬁcant differences (p<0.01) between treatments in live body weight , the heaviest achieved by T4 chicks, the lightest achieved by T2 chicks. The results of the starter period showed high signiﬁcant differences (p<0.0l) between treatments in feed conversion ratio, the best feed conversion ratio achieved by T5 chicks, the worst‘ achieved by T3 chicks. The results of the ﬁnisher period showed no signiﬁcant differences (p<0.05) between treatments in feed conversion ratio. The results of cholesterol levels in broilers blood serum showed signiﬁcant differences (p<0.05) between treatments, the lowest results achieved by T1(control) chicks, the highest results achieved by T7 chicks In the second experiment: Forty eight hens at point of lay ( about 20 week old) were utilized for 8 weeks. They were randomly distributed into 4 groups. Each group (consider as treatment ) contain 4 replicate with 3 hens each. The 4 treatments fed on 4 diets. D1(control), D2, D3 and D4 with 0.0%, 2%, 5% and 7% ALM, respectively. The diets fonnulated as recommended by NRC,(1994). Layer hens were randomly distributed into replicates inside 2 batteries consist of 10 cages each. Each cage considered as a replicate. Batteries were kept inside open-side house. The house were equipped with 2 water pumping ear conditioners. Comparing with control hens the results indicated that eggs yolk colour score gradually and signiﬁcantly increased with hens fed on D2, D3 and D4, respectively. Egg yolk cholesterol signiﬁcantly reduced with hens fed on D4 and numerically reduced with hens fed on D2 or D3. Egg yolk index signiﬁcantly increased with hens fed on D2 only at the end of the 6m week. But, egg Weight signiﬁcantly reduced with hens fed D4 during the 3'“ week up to the 8"‘ week, hen-day egg production % signiﬁcantly reduced with hens fed D4 during the 4m Week up to the 6m week, feed conversion ratio signiﬁcantly reduced with hens fed D4 during the 5“‘ week up to the 7m week. Feed intake and egg shape index were not signiﬁcantly affected. In the third experiment: Forty eight hens at point of lay ( about 20 week old) were utilized for 8 weeks. They were randomly distributed into 4 groups. Each group (consider as treatment ) contain 4 replicate with 3 hens each. The 4 treatments fed on 4 diets. D1(control), D2, D3 and D4 with 0.0%,2%,5% and 7% ALM+X, respectively. The diets formulated as recommended by NRC,(l994). Layer hens were randomly distributed into replicated inside 2 batteries consist of 10 cages each. Each cage considered as a replicate. Batteries were kept inside open-side house. The house were equipped with 2 water pumping ear conditioners. Comparing with control hens the results indicated that eggs yolk colour score gradually and signiﬁcantly increased with hens fed on D2, D3 and D4, respectively. Egg yolk cholesterol signiﬁcantly reduced with hens fed on D2 and D4 and numerically reduced with hens fed on D3. Egg yolk index signiﬁcantly increased with hens fed on D2, D3 at the end of the 2“d week and with hens fed on D2, D3 and D4 at the end of the 8”‘ week. On the other hand, egg weight signiﬁcantly reduced with hens fed on D2 during the 2nd week, feed conversion ration signiﬁcantly and negatively affected with hens fed On D2 during the 3"’ week. Feed intake, hen-day egg production% and egg shape index were not signiﬁcantly affected during the whole experimental period.
Effects of Different Levels of Alfalfa Leaves Meal With Xylam on Poultry Performance and Cholesterol Content
(Al-Neelain University, 2011) Mutahar Ali Mohammed Al-shami
Abstract Three experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of three different levels (2%, 5% and 7%) of an open air sundried alfalfa leavess meal with or without 0.005 Xylam (ALM+X or ALM) on performance of broiler chicks (Hubbard) and layer hens (white Hi-sex) as well as egg quality and cholesterol levels of egg yolk and broiler blood serum. In the first experiment: Three hundreds thirty six of one day old broiler chicks fed on seven experimental diets for broiler (starter and finisher), the first diet T1(control) without ALM and without Xylam, the next three diets T2, T3 14 and T4 with 2%, 5% or 7%ALM, respectively, the last three diets T5, T6 and T7 with 2%,5% and 7%ALM+X, respectively. The diets formulated as recommended by NRC, (1994). Each treatment consist of 4 replicates with 12 one day old broiler chicks per replicate. Broiler chicks were randomly distributed to be reared for 6 weeks in the floor of open- side house. During the 1st week broilers were fed on pre-starter diets. The results during the starter period (8-28 day old) showed high significant differences (p<0.01) between treatments in feed intake, the highest achieved by T7(fed on diet with7% ALM+X), the lowest achieved by T2(fed on diet with2% ALM), there only significant differences T7 and T1(control). No significant differences between T5, T6 andT7, but significant differences between T2, T3 and T4, chicks fed T2 showed the lowest fed intake. The results during the finisher period (29-42 day old) showed significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments in feed intake, the highest achieved by T4. No significant differences between T5, T6 and T7. But significant differences between T2, T3 and T4. The results at the end of the starter period (28 day old)showed high significant differences (p<0.01) between treatments in live body weight, the heaviest achieved by T5 chicks, the lightest achieved by T2 chicks. The results at the end of the finisher period (42 day old) showed high significant differences (p<0.01) between treatments in live 15 body weight , the heaviest achieved by T4 chicks, the lightest achieved by T2 chicks. The results of the starter period showed high significant differences (p<0.01) between treatments in feed conversion ratio, the best feed conversion ratio achieved by T5 chicks, the worst achieved by T3 chicks. The results of the finisher period showed no significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments in feed conversion ratio. The results of cholesterol levels in broilers blood serum showed significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments, the lowest results achieved by T1(control) chicks, the highest results achieved by T7 chicks In the second experiment: Forty eight hens at point of lay ( about 20 week old) were utilized for 8 weeks. They were randomly distributed into 4 groups. Each group (consider as treatment ) contain 4 replicate with 3 hens each. The 4 treatments fed on 4 diets. D1(control), D2, D3 and D4 with 0.0%, 2%, 5% and 7% ALM, respectively. The diets formulated as recommended by NRC,(1994). Layer hens were randomly distributed into replicates inside 2 batteries consist of 10 cages each. Each cage considered as a replicate. Batteries were kept inside open-side house. The house were equipped with 2 water pumping ear conditioners. Comparing with control hens the results indicated that eggs yolk colour score gradually and significantly increased with hens fed on D2, D3 and D4, respectively. Egg yolk 16 cholesterol significantly reduced with hens fed on D4 and numerically reduced with hens fed on D2 or D3. Egg yolk index significantly increased with hens fed on D2 only at the end of the 6th week. But, egg weight significantly reduced with hens fed D4 during the 3rd week up to the 8th week, hen-day egg production % significantly reduced with hens fed D4 during the 4th week up to the 6th week, feed conversion ratio significantly reduced with hens fed D4 during the 5th week up to the 7th week. Feed intake and egg shape index were not significantly affected. In the third experiment: Forty eight hens at point of lay ( about 20 week old) were utilized for 8 weeks. They were randomly distributed into 4 groups. Each group (consider as treatment ) contain 4 replicate with 3 hens each. The 4 treatments fed on 4 diets. D1(control), D2, D3 and D4 with 0.0%,2%,5% and 7% ALM+X, respectively. The diets formulated as recommended by NRC,(1994). Layer hens were randomly distributed into replicated inside 2 batteries consist of 10 cages each. Each cage considered as a replicate. Batteries were kept inside open-side house. The house were equipped with 2 water pumping ear conditioners. Comparing with control hens the results indicated that eggs yolk colour score gradually and significantly increased with hens fed on D2, D3 and D4, respectively. Egg yolk cholesterol significantly reduced with hens fed on D2 and D4 and numerically reduced with hens fed on D3. Egg yolk index significantly increased with hens fed on D2, D3 at the 17 end of the 2nd week and with hens fed on D2, D3 and D4 at the end of the 8th week. On the other hand, egg weight significantly reduced with hens fed on D2 during the 2nd week, feed conversion ration significantly and negatively affected with hens fed on D2 during the 3rd week. Feed intake, hen-day egg production% and egg shape index were not significantly affected during the whole experimental period. الملخص الملخص صممت ثلاث تجارب لدراسة أثر اضافة ثلاثة مستويات (2%، 5%، 7%) من مسحوق أوراق البرسيم المجفف بحرارة الشمس في مكان مظلل مفتوح مع أو بدون 0.005 إنزيم الزيلام (م وب +ز) أو(م وب ) على أداء دجاج بيض المائدة (هاي سكس أبيض) وجودة البيضة ومستوى الكولسترول في صفار البيض وسيرم دم الدجاج اللاحم. في التجربة الأولى: تم تغذية ثلاثمائة وستة وثلاثون كتكوت لاحم عمر يوم على سبع علائق تجريبية (بادئ وناهي)، العليقة الأولى ت1(شاهد) بدون زيلام وبدون مسحوق أوراق برسيم، ت2، ت3، ت4 تحتوي2%، 5%، 7% م و ب، ت5، ت6، ت7 تحتوي 2%، 5%، 7% م و ب+ ز. العلائق كونت كما أوصى مجلس البحوث الامريكي عام1994، كل معاملة تضم أربعة مكررات كلا مكرر يضم 12 كتكوت لاحم عمر يوم، وزعت الكتاكيت على المكررات وتمت رعايتها على الأرض لمدة ستة أسابيع في حظيرة مفتوحة الجانبين، خلال الأسبوع الأول غذيت الكتاكيت على عليقة (قبل بادئ) وألغيت البيانات خلالها. _ خلال فترة البادئ (عمر8-28 يوم) أوضحت النتائج فروق عالية المعنوية بين المعاملات في معدل استهلاك العليقة، كتاكيت ت 7 كانت الأكثر استهلاكا للعليقة أما كتاكيت ت2 فكانت الأقل استهلاكا وكانت هناك فروق معنوية بين كتاكيت ت7 وكتاكيت ت1 (الشاهد) ولم تظهر فروق معنوية بين كتاكيت (ت5، ت6، ت7) وظهرت فروق معنوية بين كتاكيت ت2، ت3، ت4 حيث أظهرت كتاكيت ت2 أنها الأقل استهلاكا للعليقة. _ خلال فترة الناهي (عمر29-42 يوم ) أوضحت النتائج وجود فروق معنوية بين المعاملات في كمية العليقة المستهلكة، كتاكيت ت4 كانت الأكثر استهلاكا للعليقة ولم تظهر فروق معنوية بين كتاكيت ت5، ت6، ت7 بينما ظهرت فروق معنوية بين كتاكيت ت2 ، ت3 ، ت4. _ أوضحت النتائج في نهاية فترة البادئ وجود فروقا معنوية بين المعاملات في وزن الجسم الحي، كتاكيت ت5 كانت الأعلى وزنا بينما كتاكيت ت2 كانت الأخف. كما أوضحت النتائج في نهاية فترة الناهي وجود فروقا معنوية بين المعاملات في وزن الجسم الحي، كتاكيت ت4 كانت الأثقل وزنا بينما كتاكيت ت2 كانت الأخف بنهاية فترة البادئ. _ أوضحت نتائج فترة البادئ وجود فروق معنوية عالية بين المعاملات في نسبة التحويل الغذائي و حققت كتاكيت ت5 النسبة الأعلى بينما كتاكيت ت3 حققت النسبة الأقل. وأوضحت نتائج فترة الناهي عدم وجود فروق معنوية بين المعاملات في نسبة التحول الغذائي. _ أوضحت نتائج الدراسة وجود فروق معنوية بين المعاملات في مستوى الكولسترول في سيرم الدم حيث كانت كتاكيت الكنترول الأقل مستوى وكانت كتاكيت ت7 الأعلى مستوى. في التجربة الثانية: استخدمت فيها ثمانية وأربعون دجاجة في بداية فترة وضع البيض (عمرها حوالي 20 اسبوع ) لمدة ثمانية أسابيع، وزعت الدجاج عشوائيا الى أربع مجموعات (معاملات)، كل مجموعة قسمت إلى أربع مكررات، كل مكرر به 3 دجاجات .غذيت الدجاج على أربع علائق تجريبية هي: د1 (شاهد)، د2، د3، د4 بها 0.0%، 2%، 5%، 7% م و ب. كونت العلائق كما أوصى المجلس القومي الامريكي (1994)، الدجاج وزعت على المكررات عشوائيا في بطاريتان من السلك المعدني، كل بطارية تحتوي 10 أقفاص وأعتبر كل قفص مكرر. وضعت البطاريتان في حظيرة دواجن مفتوحة الجانبين وزودة الحظيرة بمكيفين هواء يعملان بطريقة ضخ الماء. _ مقارنة بالدجاج الشاهد دلت نتائج التجربة على زيادة معنوية في درجة لون صفار البيض متدرجة مع نسبة م وب في د2، د3، د4 وانخفض معنويا مستوى كولسترول الصفار في دجاج د4 وانخفض عدديا في بيض دجاج المعاملتين د2 ، د3 وزاد دليل الصفار معنويا فقط في بيض دجاج المعاملة د2 في نهاية الاسبوع السادس من زمن التجربة. لكن وزن البيضة انخفض معنويا في دجاج المعاملة د4 خلال الأسبوع الثالث وحتى الاسبوع الثامن. نسبة إنتاج البيض انخفضت معنويا مع دجاج د4 خلال الاسبوع الرابع وحتى الأسبوع السادس. نسبة التحويل الغذائي تراجعت معنويا مع دجاج د4 خلال الاسبوع الخامس وحتى الاسبوع السابع. _ معدل استهلاك العليقة ودليل البيضة لم تدل النتائج على وجود فروق معنوية خلال فترة التجربة. في التجربة الثالثة: استخدمت فيها ثمانية وأربعون دجاجة في بداية فترة وضع البيض (عمرها حوالي 20 اسبوع ) لمدة ثمانية أسابيع، وزعت الدجاج عشوائيا الى أربع مجموعات (معاملات)، كل مجموعة قسمت إلى أربع مكررات، كل مكرر به 3 دجاجات. غذيت الدجاج على أربع علائق تجريبية هي: د1 (شاهد)، د2 ، د3، د4 بها 0.0%، 2%، 5%، 7% م و ب +ز. كونت العلائق كما أوصى المجلس القومي الامريكي (1994)، الدجاج وزعت على المكررات عشوائيا في بطاريتان من السلك المعدني ، كل بطارية تحتوي 10 أقفاص وأعتبر كل قفص مكرر. وضعت البطاريتان في حظيرة دواجن مفتوحة الجانبين وزودة الحظيرة بمكيفين هواء يعملان بطريقة ضخ الماء . _ مقارنة بالدجاج الشاهد دلت النتائج على زيادة معنوية في درجة لون صفار البيضة متدرجة مع نسبة م و ب +ز في العلائق د2، د3 ، د4. مستوى كولسترول صفار البيضة انخفض معنويا مع دجاج د2، د4 وانخفض عدديا مع دجاج د3. دليل صفار البيضة زاد معنويا مع دجاج د2 ، د3 في نهاية الاسبوع الثاني وزاد أيضا مع دجاج د2، د3، د4 في نهاية الأسبوع الثامن. _ وفي الجهة الأخرى نقص وزن البيضة معنويا مع دجاج د2 خلال الاسبوع الثاني و نسبة التحويل الغذائي تأثرت سلبا بدرجة معنوية مع دجاج د2 خلال الاسبوع الثالث. _ وأوضحت النتائج على أن معدل استهلاك العليقة ونسبة إنتاج البيض ودليل البيضة لم تتأثر معنويا خلال فترة التجربة بالكامل للمعاملات الأربع.
Prepration and Evaluation of Solar-Dried Fish By-Product Meal as a protein Supplement in Broiler Chick’s'diet.
(Neelain University, 2004) Mutahar Ali Mohammed Al-shami
Abstract The present study was conducted to investigate the possibility of producing and usage of solar dried ﬁsh by—product meal (SPFBPM) as a replacement for an imported plant protein concentrate (IPPC) in both starter and finisher diets for broiler chicken. Slightly improved solar dryer tent (SDT) was tested to dry samples of fish by-products (FBPs). A questionnaire was carried out on the majority of fish processing shops (FPS) in Sana’a City Center, to collect information about marketed fishes, fish by-products, dressing out methods and consumer preferential customs. etc. Twenty seven Jahesh fishes (Lethrinidae.spp.] were selected and divided to three similar groups in weights, dressed out, in order to determine the components and percentages of FBPs according to three common dressing out methods. Samples of Jahesh FBPs were collected from FPS, processed and dried in SDT. Microbial tests for Salmonella, E.co1i and total bacterial count were carried out on samples SDFBPM, before and after 3 different heating treatments. Proximate chemical analysis was carried out on three replicate three times. Five starter and finisher experimental diets for broilers were formulated to meet NRC., 1994 recommendations. Diets were iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous including 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10% of SDFBPM replacing equal percentages of IPPC. Two hundred and twenty ﬁve newly hatched Ross broiler chicken were randomly located in 5 groups of 45 birds three replicate each. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efﬁciency ratio were recorded and calculated for 7 weeks. At the end of the 49*‘ day, birds were fasted for 12 hours and 4birds from each pen were randomly selected and individually weighted, slaughtered, mechanically defeathered and carcass and non—carcass components were weighed. The obtained data showed that Jahesh ﬁshes represent the most available and the most preferred ﬁsh type among the locally marketed ﬁsh species during the whole year. Percentages of ﬁsh by-products were (19-36-52%] of total body weight for gutted, sluiced and filleted dressing out methods, respectively. Moreover, the sliced dressing out method was the first preferred by consumers. Two days were enough to dry minced FBPs samples, which indicated that examined SDT was Well—improved by drying system of clean and cheap energy. Salmonella colonies were seen and the total bacterial count was 192x104 Cells / gm, but the bacterial colonies disappeared with samples autoclaved at 121C” for 21 minutes. The chemical composition of SDFBPM was 95.02% DM, 48.5% CP, 21.5% EE, 0.0% ﬁber, 8% Ca, 4.26%P, 25.3% Ash, 4.74%NFE. However, the SDFBPM samples physically showed a good quality ﬁsh meal. The experimental chicks fed diets including up to 7.5% of SDFBPM showed satisfactory performance compared with the control birds, but depression in growth and protein efficiency resulted with broilers fed diets including 10% SDFBPM. On the other hand, there was no sign of salmonella infection in chicks during the 7 week experimental period also, meat color, ﬂavor, tenderness or juiciness of their carcasses were not signiﬁcantly affected. Generally, broilers fed diets wiuth 2.5% SDFBPM showed the performance numerically but not significantly different from those fed 5%, 7.5% and the control. ~'
Prepration and Evaluation of Solar-Dried Fish By-Product Meal as a protein Supplement in Broiler Chiek’s diet.
(Al Neelain University, 2004) Mutahar Ali Mohammed Al-shami
The present study was conducted to investigate the possibility of producing and usage of solar dried ﬁsh by-product meal (SPFBPM) as a replacement for an imported plant protein concentrate (IPPC) in both starter and ﬁnisher diets for broiler chicken. Slightly improved solar dryer tent (SDT) was tested to dry samples of fish by-products (FBPs). A questionnaire was carried out on the majority of fish processing shops (FPS) in Sana’a City Center, to collect information about marketed ﬁshes, fish by-products, dressing out methods and consumer preferential customs. etc. Twenty seven Jahesh fishes (Lethrinidae.spp.] were selected and divided to three similar groups in weights, dressed out, in order to determine the components and percentages of FBPs according to three common dressing out methods. Samples of Jahesh FBPs were collected from FPS, processed and dried in SDT. Microbial tests for Salmonella, E.coli and total bacterial count were carried out on samples SDFBPM, before and after 3 different heating treatments. Proximate chemical analysis was carried out on three replicate three times. Five starter and ﬁnisher experimental diets for broilers were formulated to meet NRC., 1994 recommendations. Diets were iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous including 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10% of SDFBPM replacing equal percentages of IPPC. Two hundred and twenty ﬁve newly hatched Ross broiler chicken were randomly located in 5 groups of 45 birds three replicate each. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efﬁciency ratio were recorded and calculated for 7 weeks. At the end of the 49"‘ day, birds were fasted for 12 hours and 4birds from each pen were randomly selected and individually weighted, slaughtered, mechanically defeathered and carcass and non-carcass components were weighed. The obtained data showed that Jahesh lishes represent the most available and the most preferred ﬁsh type among the locally marketed ﬁsh species during the whole year. Percentages of fish by-products were (19-36-52%) of total body weight for gutted, sluiced and filleted dressing out methods, respectively. Moreover, the sliced dressing out method was the first preferred by consumers. Two days were enough to dry minced FBPs samples, which indicated that examined SDT was well-improved by drying system of clean and cheap energy. Salmonella colonies were seen and the total bacterial count was 192x104 Cells/gm, but the bacterial colonies disappeared with samples autoclaved at 12lC° for 21 minutes. The chemical composition of SDFBPM was 95.02% DM, 48.5% CP, 21.5% EE, 0.0% fiber, 8% Ca, 4.26%P, 25.3% Ash, 4.74%NFE. However, the SDFBPM samples physically showed a good quality ﬁsh meal. The experimental chicks fed diets including up to 7.5% of SDFBPM showed satisfactory performance compared with the control birds, but depression in growth and protein efficiency resulted with broilers fed diets including 10% SDFBPM. On the other hand, there was no sign of salmonella infection in chicks during the 7 week experimental period also, meat color, flavor, tenderness or juiciness of their carcasses were not significantly affected. Generally, broilers fed diets wiuth 2.5% SDFBPM showed the performance numerically but not significantly different from those fed 5%, 7.5% and the control.