Browsing by Author "حيدر أبراهيم محمد العطار"

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الضغوط النفسية عند ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة سمعيا وبصريا من المدمجين وغير المدمجين
(جامعة النيلين, 2004) حيدر أبراهيم محمد العطار
Psychological stress with its varieties leaves deep inﬂuence on the lives of individuals in general and on the lives of special needs people and their families in particular. The problem of the research arises from the fact that the psychological stress of the special needs together with its various scopes has not been studied enough, Moreover, the process of mainstreaming the special needs with normal, as a primary solution, is still a matter for discussion and argumentation and nobody sure that it may decrease their suffering. Furthermore, the experiment of mainstreaming special needs with normal people is a new experiment in Republic of Yemen . Its results are unknown till now and needs further research to a certain its effectiveness. Our knowledge of psychological stress in mainstreaming and un mainstreaming hearing and visual special needs will help us devising suitable solutions and correct advising strategies to mitigate their suffering. The signiﬁcance of this research is that it lies in new researches in the ﬁeld of psychological stress in hearing and visual special needs in Yemen. It also studies the effect of special needs on their parents and the source of psychological stress. To provide local scores for special needs in Yemen, the study sets the objective of measuring scores for psychological stress, which are made up on the basis of the traditional method and Braille method for the blind, to bridge the gap in providing local measures for this group in society. This research aims at testing the following hypotheses: l. There is no statistically signiﬁcant difference between the psychological stress averages in the visually and hearing special needs and the hypothetical averages of the scale. 2. There is no statistically signiﬁcant difference in the average of the psychological stress of special needs in relation to sex both males and females. 3. There are no ‘statistically signiﬁcant differences in the averages of the psychological stress of special needs in relation to ages: 6-12, 13-l9, 20- 26 years old. o ‘ i 4. There is no statistically signiﬁcant difference in the averages of the psychological stress of special needs in relation to the type of the impairment (hearing or visual). 5. There is no statistically signiﬁcant difference in the averages of the psychological stress of special needs in relation to mainstreaming special needs and un mainstreaming special needs . 6. There are no statistically signiﬁcant differences in the averages of the psychological stress according to the interaction among the variables of the research the (sex; males and females, age; 6-12, 13-19, 20-26); the type of the impairment, visual and hearing; and mainstreaming special needs and un mainstreaming special needs . To test these hypotheses has been devised in three forms, the ﬁrst is for the hearing special needs , the second is for the visual special needs according to Braille way for blinds and the third is relevant to the special needs parents aged 6-12 years in order to answer the items of the scale on the behalf of their children who are unable to read. It has been made sure that the items of the scale are suitable by presenting them to some experts to cheek them. Then the three forms have been applied to a sample for analytical purposes by using two extreme sets style 27% for the highest and 27% for the lowest to achieve discrimination. Then, the validity has been measured in two ways: face validity and construct validity. Reliability has been measured by using Spilt-half methods (Sperman-Brown) and it ranged 92%; and by using intemal consistency method (Alpha-Gronbach) and it ranged 95%. Consequently, the measuring normative error is explored. After these procedures, the scale in its ﬁnal form consisting of 54 items has been ready to apply to basic research sample, which is selected on the basis of equal random grouping style. This sample consists of 336 visually and hearing special needs ranging between (6-l2),(l3-l9)and(20-26) years old. The sample also includes mainstreamed and un mainstreamed in Yemeni main cities (Sana’a, Taiz, and Ibb). . The date for analysis is subjected for statistical analysis by using ANOVA style and T-tests style. The Following Conclusions have been reached: l. There is statistically signiﬁcant difference between the psychological stress averages in the visually and hearing special needs and the hypothetical average of the scale at (0.05) level of signiﬁcance. The psychologicalstress suffered by hearing and visual special needs is higher than the hypothetical average of the scale. 2. There is no statistically signiﬁcant difference between the psychological stress averages in the special needs in respect of sex (males and females) at (0.05) level of signiﬁcance. 3. There are no statistically signiﬁcant differences among the psychological stress averages in the special needs in respect of age (6- 12), (13-19)and(20-26) years old at (0.05) level of signiﬁcance. 4. There is statistically signiﬁcant difference between the psychological stress averages in the special needs in respect of the type of the impainnent (visual, hearing) at (0.05) level of signiﬁcance since the psychological stress in the visually special needs was higher than that of hearing special needs . 5. There is a statistically signiﬁcant difference between the psychological stress averages in the special needs in relation to the mainstreaming variable at (0.05) level of signiﬁcance. The psychological stress in the mainstreaming special needs was higher than the un mainstreaming special needs . 6. There are statistically signiﬁcant differences among the psychological stress averages in the special needs in relation to the interaction among the basic research variables (Sex x type of the impairment); (age x type of the impairment); (age x mainstreaming process); (sex x type of the impairment x mainstreaming process); and (age x type of the impairment x mainstreaming process) at (0.05) level of signiﬁcance. i. The psychological stress in males and females visually special needs were higher than those of males and females hearing special needs . ii. The psychological stress of the visually special needs aged between (6-12) years old were higher than those of the hearing special needs and the psychological stress of the hearing special needs aged between (13- 19) and between (20-26) were higher than those of the visually special needs . iii. The psychological stress in the mainstreaming special needs aged between (6-12) years old were higher than those of the un mainstreaming special needs and the psychological stress of the un mainstreaming special needs aged between (13-19) and between (20-26) was higher than those of mainstreaming special needs . D ' iv. The psychological stresses of the male mainstreaming visually special needs was higher than those of the hearing special needs , the female mainstreaming hearings special needs are higher than those of the visually special needs are, the hearing males un mainstreaming special needs is higher than those of the visually special needs .and the visually female un mainstreaming special needs are higher than those of the hearing special needs . v. The psychological stress in the visually mainstreaming special needs aged between (6-12) years old was higher than that of the hearing mainstreaming special needs . The hearing mainstreaming special needs aged between (13-19) and between (20-26) years old was higher than the visually special needs . Moreover, the psychological stress in the visually un mainstreaming special needs aged between (6-12), (13-19) and (20- 26) was higher than that of the hearing un mainstreaming special needs . vi. There were no statistically signiﬁcance differences among the psychological stress averages in the special needs in relation to the interaction among the variables. (Sex x age), (sex x mainstreaming), (type of impairment mainstreaming), and (sex x age x type x mainstreaming) at the (0.05) level of signiﬁcance. In lights of these results, some recommendations have been concluded in addition to some suggestions for a group of future studies.